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Exam 2 (Ch. 2 & 3) - Flashcards
Flashcard Deck Information
| Class: | PSY-P 101 - INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY 1 |
| Subject: | Psychology |
| University: | Indiana University - Bloomington |
| Term: | Spring 2011 |
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scientific method
(Ch. 2)
|
multi-step technique that generates knowledge derived from real-worl observations (observe - detect regularities - hypothesize - observe) |
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operational definitions
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defines how concepts can be observed and measured |
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descriptive research
|
methods for observing and describing behavior |
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reactivity
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when behavior changes as a result of previous observations/experiences |
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external validity
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how observations apply to other situation |
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naturalistic observation
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records natural behavior as opposed to behavior in a lab |
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case study
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research focused on a single case/individual |
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survey
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gathers limited amounts of info from many people |
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random sampling
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everyone has equal likelihood of being selected |
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mean
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average of a set |
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mode
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most frequently occurring instance in a set |
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median
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middle point in a set |
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range
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difference between largest and smallest instance in a set |
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variability
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how much scores differ from one another in a set |
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standard deviation
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how much scores differ from the mean in a set |
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descriptive statistics
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techniques that help researchers describe data |
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inferential statistics
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help to decide if data is representative or if it occurred by chance |
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correlation
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indicates whether two variables vary systematically (+/- 1.00) |
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experimental research
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experimenter manipulates the testing environment to observe its effects on behavior |
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independent variable
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the manipulated component of an experiment (w/ >2 conditions) *cause |
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dependent variable
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the behavior that is observed in an experiment *effect |
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confounding variable
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uncontrolled variable that changes along with the independent variable |
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internal validity
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ability to combat confounding variables |
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random assignment
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each participant has an equal chance of being exposed to the conditions within a given experiment |
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placebo
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inactive/inert substance that resembles an experimental substance |
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single-blind study
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experimental participants are unaware of which condition they have been assigned to; gets rid of subject expectancies |
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double-blind study
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neither the subject nor the experimenter knows who has been assigned to which conditions |
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informed consent
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informing participants of crucial details that may effect their willingness to participate in an experiment before they consent to participating |
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debriefing
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purpose of the study is revealed/declared to the subjects after the experiment is over |
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confidentiality
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personal information about a participant will not be revealed without the participant's consent |
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neuroscience
(Ch. 3)
|
field of study directed towards understanding the brain and its relation to behaviors |
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord |
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peripheral nervous system
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network of nerves that links the central nervous system with the rest of the body |
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neurons
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receive and transmit information |
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sensory neurons
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carry environmental messages toward the central nervous system |
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interneurons
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transfers information between neurons |
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motor neurons
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carry information away from the central nervous system |
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glial cells
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fill in space between neurons |
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myelin sheath
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insulating material and helps speed up neural transmission |
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reflexes
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automatic body reactions controlled primarily by the spinal pathways |
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dendrites
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receive information from other neurons |
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soma
|
body of a neuron |
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axon
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cell's transmitters |
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terminal buttons
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chemicals that are important to neural transmission |
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synapse
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small gap between terminal buttons |
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resting potential
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electrical charge between the inside and outside layers of a resting neuron |
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action potential
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all-or-none electrical signal that travels down the axon |
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neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that relay information from one neuron to the next |
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter that plays multiple roles in the central and peripheral systems such as muscle contractions |
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excitatory messages
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depolarization (towards 0 charge) more action potential |
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inhibitory messages
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hyperpolarizaiton (increasingly negative charge) less action potential |
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dopamine
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neurotransmitter with inhibitory effects less dopamine linked with Parkinson's disease more dopamine linked with schizophrenia |
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serontin
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neurotransmitter linked to sleep, dreaming, and general arousal linked to diseases such as schizophrenia and depression |
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gamma-amino-butyric acid
(GABA)
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may play a role in regulating anxiety has inhibitory effects |
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endorphins
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brain's natural painkillers *happiness |
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refractory period
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time after action potential is over when new action potentials can't be generated |
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nerves
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bundles of axons aka "transmission cables" |
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correlation coefficient
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-1.00 -- +1.00 positive: correlates positively together negative: correlates negatively together zero: no correlation between variables closer to |1.00| = stronger relationship, better able to predict; sign indicates direction of the correlation |
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somatic system
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nerves that transmit information towards the brain part of the peripheral system |
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autonomic system
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controls automatic needs i.e. heart rate, digestion, blood pressure, etc. part of the peripheral system |
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electroecephalograph
(EEG)
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device used to monitor gross electrical activity of the brain |
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computerized tomography scan
(CT scan)
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generates detailed maps of the brain |
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positron emission tomography
(PET)
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measures how radioactivity is absorbed in the brain shows how specific tasks activate different areas of the brain |
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magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
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creates 3-D images of the brian |
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hindbrain
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where the brain and spine merge includes: medulla, pons, and reticular formation basic life-support system of the body |
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cerebellum
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part of the hindbrain that controls coordination of complex motor skills |
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medulla and pons
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controls reflexes, heart-rate, breathing |
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reticular formation
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controls arousal, sleep, conscience |
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midbrain
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middle portion of the brain contains tectum, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculous helps coordinate reactions to sensory events |
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forebrain
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outer portion of the brain includes cerebral cortex and limbic system |
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cerebral cortex
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controls higher mental processes (lobes) |
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thalamus
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gathering point for input from the senses |
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hypothalamus
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regulates motivational activities such as eating, drinking, and sex (tight) |
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limbic system
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involved in motivational and emotional behaviors and memory |
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frontal lobe
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top front of the brain; higher level thought processes planning, personality, decision making |
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parietal lobe
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top middle of the brain; sense of touch |
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temporal lobe
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sides of the brain; speech and language perception |
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occipital lobe
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back of the brain; visual processing |
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corpus callosum
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nerve fibers that allows information to pass from one side of the brain to the other |
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hemispheres
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right controls left left controls right |
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endocrine system
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glands that use the bloodstream to send chemical messages (as opposed to neurons) regulate growth and other internal functions |
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hormones
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chemicals that control a variety of internal functions |
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pituitary gland
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controls the release of hormones; responds to signs from hypothalamus |
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adaptation
|
trait that has been deemed to increase the reproductive "fitness" of an organism by nature |
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genes
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contain instructions for influencing and creating particular hereditary characteristics |
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genotype
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genetic information inherited from the parents |
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phenotype
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observable characteristics controlled by both the genotype and the environment |
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mutation
|
spontaneous change in genetic material during replication process |
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family studies
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study of biological relatives to help discover what role heredity plays in physical or psychological traits |
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twin studies
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identical twins are compared to fraternal twins to determine the role of heredity and the environment plays in psychological traits |
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