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Psych Exam 1 - Flashcards
Flashcard Deck Information
| Class: | PSYCH 111 - Intro to Psych |
| Subject: | Psychology |
| University: | University of Michigan - Ann Arbor |
| Term: | Fall 2010 |
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Biological Perspective
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Understand the mind and behavior through biological processes of the brain |
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Psycho-dynamic Perspective
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Freud; Role of unconscious determines behavior; Personality determined by early life experiences |
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Behavior Perspective
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Observable responses and environmental impact |
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Cognitive Perspective
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Mental process involved in knowing. How one thinks/understands |
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Positive Psychology
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Focus on adaptive creative and positive aspects of the human experience |
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Clinical Psychology
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Diagnose and treat emotional problems Neuropsychology Forensic Psychology |
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Counseling
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deals with Problems w/ everyday life and transitions |
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School/Education Psychology
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Tries to enhance school performance and resolve emotional problems with curriculum/teacher training |
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Industrial/Organizational Psychology
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Works on issues of morale, job satisfaction, productivity issues |
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7 Organizing Themes of Psychology
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Empirical Theoretically Diverse Socio-historical Context impacts theory and practice Determined by Multiple Causes Shaped by cultural heritage Interaction of heredity and environment Experiences are subjective |
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5 Steps to Research
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1. Develop Theory based on observation 2. Develop hypothesis based on theory 3. Design Research Study 4. Gather Data 5. Analyze & Report Findings |
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Validity
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Does it measure what its suppose to? |
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Reliability
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Consistent Results |
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Adv/DisAdv of Experimental Method
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Permits researchers to draw conclusions about causation Can be replicated May not have real world applicability Not appropriate for all areas of inquiry due to ethical or practical limitations |
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Case Study
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In depth study of individual/small group |
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Naturalistic Observation
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Looks at behavior in the natural environment |
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Adv/DisAdv Descriptive Research
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Allows for investiagion where experiments aren't possible/ethical Real world phanomena no causation |
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Central Nervous System
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Brain and spinal cord 99% of neurons Incoming & Outgoing messages Thought & Movement |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Handles the Inputs and outputs |
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Sensory/Afferent Neurons
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Info from skin, muscles, organs to the brain |
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Motor/Efferent Neurons
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Info from brain to the skin, muscles, and organs |
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Mirror Neurons
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A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Role in new motor skills, empathy and language Dysfunction linked to autistic spectrum disorder |
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Glial cells
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Hold the neurons in place |
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Dendrites
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Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project. |
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Cell Body/Soma
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Keeps neuron alive, determines when to fire |
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Axon
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Part of cell that transmits message to other neurons, muscles, and glands |
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Myelin Sheath
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Fatty material that forms around axon that helps move it faster |
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Terminal Button
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Terminal buttons exist at the ends of the many branches that divide out from the axon. The terminal buttons receive the message transferred down the axon, store them in their neurotransmitters |
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Neurotransmitter
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Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals which transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. |
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Excitatory/Inhibitory
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Inc/Dec likelihood that a neuron will fire |
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Serotonin
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Neurotransmitter involved in sleep, mood, depression, and OCD |
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Dopamine
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Neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and pleasurable emotion High Levels => schizophrenia Low => Parkinson |
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Acetylcholine
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Neurotransmitter involved in muscle action, memory, attention, emotion, and cognition |
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Norepinephrine
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Neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, emotion, excite heart muscles, intestines, and alertness |
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Glutamate
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Excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory formation |
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GABA
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Inhibitory neurotransmitter Low levels => Anxiety |
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Endorphins
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Reduce pain, promote pleasure Levels increase during stress or fear |
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Hormones
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Chemical messangers |
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Melatonin
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Hormone that Regulates biological rythm |
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Adrenaline
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Hormone that effects emotions and stress |
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Gonadatropins
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Sex hormones that effect brain functioning and early developement |
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Mobilizes body for action; stops digestion, more oxygen to blood, increases heartbeat, dilates pupils, dry mouth, goose bumps |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Slows actions down, conserves bodily resources |
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Medulla
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Regulates automatic functioning, circulation, breathing, muscle tone, refrlexes (sneezing/salivating). |
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Pons
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a structure located on the brain stem. |
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Cerebellum
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balance and coordination of movement; analyzes sensory information; may play a role in remembering simple skills, problem solving |
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Reticular Formation
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Modulates muscle reflexes, pain perception; active in states of arousal |
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Tectum
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Controls vision and hearing |
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Tegmentum
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Helps function of movement and arousal. Regulates awareness and attention and some autonomic functions |
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Thalamus
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Relays motor impulses out of the brain Directs incoming sensory messages to higher centers |
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Hypothalamus
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Hunger, thirst, emotion, sex & reproduction, body temp and the autonomic nervous system Fighting Fleeing Feeding Fucking |
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Pituitary Gland
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Master gland governed by the hypothalamus |
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Limbic System
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Loosely interconnected structures involved in emotions. No clear boundaries |
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Amygdala
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Evaulates sensory information, linked to fear responses, emotional events |
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Hippocampus
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Formation and storage of new memories |
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Septal Area
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Pleasure area of the brain Lesions may create rage reactions |
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Cerebrum
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Largest and most complex part of brain Divided into 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum |
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Occipital Lobe
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Contains the visual cortex |
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Parietal Lobe
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Somatosensory cortex Receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature |
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Temporal Lobe
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Involved in memory perception and emotion, contains theauditory cortex |
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Wernicke's Area
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Inovolved in language comprehension |
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Frontal Lobe
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Contains the motor cortex, responsible for making plans, initiative, creativity |
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Broca's Area
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Involved with speech production |
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Prefrontal Lobe (Cortex)
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Involved in personality, decision making, social judgement, goal setting, sequencing Damage results in flattening emotion and feelings |
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Left Brain
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Touch and movement of the right side Vision in the right half of visual field Production and Comprehension of speech Reading and Mathematical Ability |
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Right Brain
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Touch and movement on the left side Vision in the left half of the visual field Visual and Spatial Ability Map Reading Art and Music Appreciation Facial recognition Analysis of nonverbal sounds |
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Genotype
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Genetic make up or structure of the organism |
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Phenotype
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Observable or expressed characteristic of an organism |
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Many traits are determined by a combination of gene pairs |
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Multifactorial Transmission
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Environmental factors interact with genetic factors to produce traits |
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Sensation
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Stimulus detection process where our sense organs respond to and translate stimuli into nerve impulses sent to the brain |
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Perception
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active process of organizing stimulus input and giving it meaning |
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Absolute Threshold
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Lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected at least 50% of the time. |
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Absolute Thresholds:
Vision, Hearing, Taste, Smell, Touch
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vision Candle Flame @ 30 miles on a clear night hearing Watch ticking @ 20 feet in a quiet room taste 1 tsp sugar in 2 gallons of H2O smell 1 drop of perfume in 6(3) room apt touch wing of bee on cheek dropped from 1 cm |
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Signal Detection Theory
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various factors influence our sensory judgment; often involves a process of decisions in addition to sensation |
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Difference Threshold
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The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time. |
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Weber's Law
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The difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus to which the comparison is being made. Backpack example |
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Fechner's Law
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larger and larger increases in physical energy are required to produce equal increases in perception Lightbulb Example |
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Sensory Adaptation (Habituation)
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Over time neurons decrease activity in response to a constant stimulus |
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Optic Disk
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Hole in retina We don't see it because each eye compensates for the other's blind spot |
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Rod
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Function best in dim light, primarily black/white brightness receptors, more sensitive to light than cones, no color sensation |
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Cone
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Function best in bright light, serve as color receptors |
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Trichromatic Theory
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3 types of color receptors in the retina; individual cones are most sensitive to either red, blue or green. |
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Opponent Process Theory
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: Each type of cone responds to 2 different wavelengths: red/green, blue/yellow, black/white. |
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Dual Process Theory
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The eye has 3 types of cones with each being sensitive to a different band of wavelenghts (trichromatic) Cells have been found which respond in opposite ways to red vs green and blue vs yellow (supports opponent process) |
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Frequency
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The number of sound waves; cycles per second |
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Pitch
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The quality of a tone from low to high |
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Amplitude
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Height depth of a wave; corresponds with loudness |
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Timbre
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The wave purity of mixture of sound |
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How we hear
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Sound waves travel into an auditory canal leading to the ear drum; a moveable membrane which vibrates in response to sound waves This leads to the middle ear. When the eardrum vibrates it sets in motion the hammer, anvil and stirrups which amplify the sound waves >30 times The inner ear or the cochlea which is a fluid-filled tunnel has tiny hairs or cilia’s which are the sound receptors: They move in different directions, triggering the sensory neurons and an action potential The basilar membrane holds the auditory receptors |
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Frequency Theory
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A theory of human hearing according to which every specific frequency of sound energy is represented by nerve impulses of the same frequency, and pitch differentiation and analysis are carried out by the brain centers. Also known as telephone theory. |
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Place Theory
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Place theory is a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. |
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Pheromones
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Chemical signals which are found in natural body scents in humans and other species |
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Four basic qualities of taste
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Sweet Sour Salty and Bitter |
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Tactile Sensation
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Pressure, Temperature, and Pain |
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Kinesthetics
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The body's way of giving feedback about our muscle and joint position Gives us a sense of coordinated movement |
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Vestibular
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In the inner ear, helps with balance and maintaining our equilibrium in space |
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Synesthesia
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Physical experience of cross-modal association Ex: Smell/Taste associated with a color |
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Perceptual Schemas
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Mental representations or images for comparisons |
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Form Perception
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Organization of sensations into meaningful shapes and patterns |
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Retinal Disparity
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Objects project images to different locations on the right and left retina which give a different view of the object |
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Circadian Cycle
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A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-hour cycle in the biochemical, physiological, or behavioural processes of living entities. |
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Functions of Sleep
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Memory Consolidation Energy Conservation Helps restore bodily functions |
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Effects of Sleep Deprivation
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Decreases immune functions Leads to hallucinations and perceptual disorders Less alert and attentive More irritable Ability to perform simple tasks declines |
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Sleep Cycle
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1,2,3,4,3,2,REM |
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Sleep Apnea
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"lack of breath" while sleeping; disrupts sleep patterns |
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Narcolepsy
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Falling asleep suddenly (sleep attacks) |
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Transient Insomnia
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Lasts only a few nights, often due to anxiety or excitement |
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Short-term Insomnia
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Poor sleeping for 2-3 weeks caused by ongoing stressors as well as medical problems |
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Chronic Insomnia
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Underlying medical or behavior issues, does have a genetic component likely as it runs in families |
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Ways to combat insomnia
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Exercise during day Don't use bed for anything besides sleep (or bed related activities) Don't drink caffeinated products before bed If you can't sleep get up and the come back later |
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Hypnosis
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systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened sense of susceptibility |
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Hilgard
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Alterd level of consciousness Dissociation |
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Spanos
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Hypnosis represents a voluntary action, brought about by expectations Hypnotic behaviors are highly motivated, goal-directed social behaviors Hypnosis is not truly an altered state of consciousness Good hypnotic subjects are most suggestible |
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Psychological Dependence
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Person must continue to take a drug to satisfy emotional cravings |
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Physical Dependence
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person must continue to take to avoid withdrawal illness |
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Stimulants
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Speed up activity in the Central Nervous System |
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Opiates/Narcotics
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Mimic endorphines, increase pleasure decrease pain |
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Depressants/Sedatives
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Slow down CNS activity, induce sleep, decrease activity |
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Hallucinogens/Psychedelics
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Alter perception, distort sensory experiences |
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Marijuana
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Problems with learning and memory Distorted perception Loss of coordination Increased Heart Rate Panic Attacks/Anxiety |
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Crack and Cocaine
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Constricted blood vessels Dilated pupils Increased heart rate, temperature and blood pressure |
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LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
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Effects are Unpredictable and Dependent on Many Variables: Amount taken Users personality, mood and expectation Surroundings |
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MDMA/Ecstasy
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psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties MDMA is Neurotoxic Sharp increase in body temperature Causes muscle breakdown and kidney and cardiovascular system failure Brain Imaging studies have shown injury to the brain, affecting neurons that use serotonin |
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Ritalin
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CNS stimulant medication often prescribed for ADHD; now sold as a street drug illegally Appetite suppression Wakefulness Increased focus/attentiveness Mild euphoria |
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Alcohol
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CNS Depressant Produces a mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions Can impair coordination, mental functioning, emotional fluctuations Related to walk of shame Moderate risk of physical and psychological dependence |
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Health Hazards of Steroids
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Liver tumors and cancer Jaundice Fluid retention and high blood pressure Severe acne Trembling |
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Cigarettes and Nicotine
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Nicotine: a stimulant and sedative to the CNS Stress and anxiety affect nicotine tolerance and dependence Addiction results in withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal has led to impaired judgment, decrease in psychomotor and cognitive functioning Health risks well documented |
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