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Universities » Ithaca College (IC) » SLPA - Speech Lang, Path & Audio.. » 36000 - Brain Science » Flash Cards

Quiz 2 - Flashcards

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Class:SLPA 36000 - Brain Science
Subject:Speech Lang, Path & Audio
University:Ithaca College
Term:Fall 2011
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Neural Plate Forms at 17 days
Made up of 3 parts: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (changes create a neural plate).  First step of neurulation.
Neural Groove Created from the neural plate.  (second step)
Neural Tube Created from the neural groove; precursor to the central nervous system.
Neural Crest The neural folds of the neural tube help form the neural crest; precursor for the peripheral nervous system.
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Neurulation The process of neural tube formation.  Takes place about 22 days after conception.
Endoderm Ultimately gives rise to the lining of many of the internal organs (viseral) 
Mesoderm These cells will eventually become the bones of the skeleton and the muscles.
Ectoderm These cells will eventually become the nervous system and the skins
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Anencephaly and Spinal Bifada Conditions that can occur as a result of improper neural tube closure.  The first occurs when the anterior neural tube doesn't close, this is always fatal.  The second occurs when the posterior neural tube doesn't close, this isn't fatal.
Folic Acid How can neural tube defects be prevented?
Secondary Vesicles (in the forebrain:) telencephalic vesicles, diencephalon and optic vesicles

Primary Vesicles Prosencephalon (forebrain; cerebral cortex), mescencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain; cerebellum, pons, medulla).
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Diencephalon and Telencephalon Main divisions in the differentiation of the Forebrain.
Lateral and Third Ventricles The ventricles (b) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
Cerebral Cortex, Thalamus and Hypothalamus The gray matter structures (c) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
Corpus Callosum, Cortical White Matter and Internal Capsule The white matter structures (d) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
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Somatic Nervous System Made up of 30 pairs of Spinal Nerves and 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves.
Somatic Sensation Enables the body to feel, ache and chill.
Sensitive to stimuli.
Somatic sensory system: different from other systems in that the receptors are distributed throughout and it responds to different kinds of stimuli such as touch, pain, temperature and proprioception (body position)
Skin Types and layers: hairy and glabrous (hairless) and epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).
Functions: protective function, prevents evaporation of body fluids and provides direct contact with the world.
Mechanoreceptors Receptors for touch, they react to pressure and distortion.  Most common sensory receptor.
They are sensitive to physical distortion such as bending and stretching.
They monitor contact with the skin, as well as pressure in the heart and blood vessels, stretching of the digestive organs and urinary bladder and force against the teeth.
Vary in frequencies, pressures and receptive field sizes (which can be mapped)
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Merkel's Disk Mechanoreceptor for pressure
Meissner's Corpuscle Mechanoreceptor for gentle fluttering.
More sensitive.
Hair Follicle Receptor Mechanoreceptor for brushing.
Pancinian Corpuscle Mechanoreceptor for vibration.
Can respond quickly and rapidly adapt
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Ruffini's Ending Mechanoreceptor for stretch.
Two-Point Discrimination Ability to sense details of stimulus that varies across the body.  This is your ability to discriminate shortest distance between two tactile points on the skin.  Your highest area of sensitivity is your fingertips (2-3 mm) and your area of lowest sensitivity is in your back (42 mm).
Dermatomes Relationship between segmental organization of spinal nerves and sensory innervation of skin.
Area of the skin that innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a single spinal segment.  There is a one-to-one correspondence between dermatomes and spinal segments and there is overlapping (so if one is severed, it's cool, the others will compensate.)
Herpes Zoster Chicken pox (viral disease; initial form of infection)
Virus remains dormant in primary sensory neurons.
This virus can be reactivated in adulthood (shingles).
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Shingles Painful (constant burning), can last for months or years and it is usually confined to neurons of one dorsal root ganglion.  Some potential causes are age (more likely to contract over age 60), chicken pox prior to age 1 and a weakened immune system.
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway One of your two major somatosensory pathways.
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration
3 neurons: primary afferent neuron, second order neuron, third order neuron
Primary Afferent Neuron Origin of axon ascends ipsilaterally through dorsal column.
Axon terminates in dorsal column nuclei of medulla.
Second Order Neuron Axon originates in dorsal column nuclei (medulla).
Ascends through medial lemniscus.
Axon terminates in contralateral thalamus.
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Third Order Neuron Axon originates in thalamus.
Axon terminates in primary somatosensory cortex.
Primary Somatosensory Cortex Brodmann's Area 3b (or S1)
Receives dense input from VP nucleus of the thalamus.
Projects to areas 1 (texture) and 2 (size and shape).
Neurons: Responsive to somatosensory stimuli.
Lesions impair somatic sensations.
Electrical stimulation evokes sensory experiences.
Somatotopy Mapping of the body on the cortex.
Somatotopic Maps Resemble upside-down trapeze artist (homunculus).
Not continuous.
Not scales like human body (size correlated with 1) density of sensory input and 2) importance).
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Somatotopic Map Plasticity Example: in the case of the Owl Monkey's hand, digit 3 was removed and digit 2 and 4 compensated.  Thus it results in a reorganization of cortical map after the digit is removed.
In humans: these people are called amputees.  Some feel sensations from their missing limb when other body parts are touch.  This is called a phantom limb.
Synesthesia Stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a sensory or cognitive pathway.
Over 60 types reported (ordinal linguistic personification, spatial-sequence, tone-color and grapheme-color.
Posterior Parietal Cortex Integrates somatic sensation, visual stimuli, and movement planning.
Where segregated streams of sensory info converge to generate complex neural representations.
Perceives and interprets spatial relationships, accurate body image, and learning tasks involving coordination of body in space.
Agnosia Lesions to the posterior parietal cortex.
Inability to recognize objects even though there's nothing wrong with sensory pathways.  An example of this is Astereoagnosia which is the inability to recognize objects specifically by feeling them.  Neglect syndrome occurs when we are not able to take in sensory integration.
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Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pain Pathway One of the two major somatosensory pathways.
Crude touch, temperature and pain.
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 Neural PlateForms at 17 days
Made up of 3 parts: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (changes create a neural plate).  First step of neurulation.
 Neural GrooveCreated from the neural plate.  (second step)
 Neural TubeCreated from the neural groove; precursor to the central nervous system.
 Neural CrestThe neural folds of the neural tube help form the neural crest; precursor for the peripheral nervous system.
 NeurulationThe process of neural tube formation.  Takes place about 22 days after conception.
 EndodermUltimately gives rise to the lining of many of the internal organs (viseral) 
 MesodermThese cells will eventually become the bones of the skeleton and the muscles.
 EctodermThese cells will eventually become the nervous system and the skins
 Anencephaly and Spinal BifadaConditions that can occur as a result of improper neural tube closure.  The first occurs when the anterior neural tube doesn't close, this is always fatal.  The second occurs when the posterior neural tube doesn't close, this isn't fatal.
 Folic AcidHow can neural tube defects be prevented?
 Secondary Vesicles(in the forebrain:) telencephalic vesicles, diencephalon and optic vesicles

 Primary VesiclesProsencephalon (forebrain; cerebral cortex), mescencephalon (midbrain) and rhombencephalon (hindbrain; cerebellum, pons, medulla).
 Diencephalon and TelencephalonMain divisions in the differentiation of the Forebrain.
 Lateral and Third VentriclesThe ventricles (b) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
 Cerebral Cortex, Thalamus and HypothalamusThe gray matter structures (c) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
 Corpus Callosum, Cortical White Matter and Internal CapsuleThe white matter structures (d) in the differentiation of the forebrain.
 Somatic Nervous SystemMade up of 30 pairs of Spinal Nerves and 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves.
 Somatic SensationEnables the body to feel, ache and chill.
Sensitive to stimuli.
Somatic sensory system: different from other systems in that the receptors are distributed throughout and it responds to different kinds of stimuli such as touch, pain, temperature and proprioception (body position)
 SkinTypes and layers: hairy and glabrous (hairless) and epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner).
Functions: protective function, prevents evaporation of body fluids and provides direct contact with the world.
 MechanoreceptorsReceptors for touch, they react to pressure and distortion.  Most common sensory receptor.
They are sensitive to physical distortion such as bending and stretching.
They monitor contact with the skin, as well as pressure in the heart and blood vessels, stretching of the digestive organs and urinary bladder and force against the teeth.
Vary in frequencies, pressures and receptive field sizes (which can be mapped)
 Merkel's DiskMechanoreceptor for pressure
 Meissner's CorpuscleMechanoreceptor for gentle fluttering.
More sensitive.
 Hair Follicle ReceptorMechanoreceptor for brushing.
 Pancinian CorpuscleMechanoreceptor for vibration.
Can respond quickly and rapidly adapt

 Ruffini's EndingMechanoreceptor for stretch.
 Two-Point DiscriminationAbility to sense details of stimulus that varies across the body.  This is your ability to discriminate shortest distance between two tactile points on the skin.  Your highest area of sensitivity is your fingertips (2-3 mm) and your area of lowest sensitivity is in your back (42 mm).
 DermatomesRelationship between segmental organization of spinal nerves and sensory innervation of skin.
Area of the skin that innervated by the left and right dorsal roots of a single spinal segment.  There is a one-to-one correspondence between dermatomes and spinal segments and there is overlapping (so if one is severed, it's cool, the others will compensate.)
 Herpes ZosterChicken pox (viral disease; initial form of infection)
Virus remains dormant in primary sensory neurons.
This virus can be reactivated in adulthood (shingles).
 ShinglesPainful (constant burning), can last for months or years and it is usually confined to neurons of one dorsal root ganglion.  Some potential causes are age (more likely to contract over age 60), chicken pox prior to age 1 and a weakened immune system.
 Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus PathwayOne of your two major somatosensory pathways.
Fine touch, proprioception and vibration
3 neurons: primary afferent neuron, second order neuron, third order neuron
 Primary Afferent NeuronOrigin of axon ascends ipsilaterally through dorsal column.
Axon terminates in dorsal column nuclei of medulla.
 Second Order NeuronAxon originates in dorsal column nuclei (medulla).
Ascends through medial lemniscus.
Axon terminates in contralateral thalamus.
 Third Order NeuronAxon originates in thalamus.
Axon terminates in primary somatosensory cortex.
 Primary Somatosensory CortexBrodmann's Area 3b (or S1)
Receives dense input from VP nucleus of the thalamus.
Projects to areas 1 (texture) and 2 (size and shape).
Neurons: Responsive to somatosensory stimuli.
Lesions impair somatic sensations.
Electrical stimulation evokes sensory experiences.
 SomatotopyMapping of the body on the cortex.
 Somatotopic MapsResemble upside-down trapeze artist (homunculus).
Not continuous.
Not scales like human body (size correlated with 1) density of sensory input and 2) importance).
 Somatotopic Map PlasticityExample: in the case of the Owl Monkey's hand, digit 3 was removed and digit 2 and 4 compensated.  Thus it results in a reorganization of cortical map after the digit is removed.
In humans: these people are called amputees.  Some feel sensations from their missing limb when other body parts are touch.  This is called a phantom limb.
 SynesthesiaStimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a sensory or cognitive pathway.
Over 60 types reported (ordinal linguistic personification, spatial-sequence, tone-color and grapheme-color.
 Posterior Parietal CortexIntegrates somatic sensation, visual stimuli, and movement planning.
Where segregated streams of sensory info converge to generate complex neural representations.
Perceives and interprets spatial relationships, accurate body image, and learning tasks involving coordination of body in space.
 AgnosiaLesions to the posterior parietal cortex.
Inability to recognize objects even though there's nothing wrong with sensory pathways.  An example of this is Astereoagnosia which is the inability to recognize objects specifically by feeling them.  Neglect syndrome occurs when we are not able to take in sensory integration.
 Anterolateral/Spinothalamic Pain PathwayOne of the two major somatosensory pathways.
Crude touch, temperature and pain.
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