Chapter 7 - Flashcards

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Gang

a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.

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deviance

any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs

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degree of seriousness

deviant behavior varies in this; ranging from mile transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law.

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crime

behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions

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juvenile delinquency

a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people 

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social control

systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance

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internal (interior) social control

takes place through the socialization process where individuals internalize social norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives

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external social control

involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists

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criminology

the systematc study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police courts, and prisons

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functions of deviance

clarifies rules

unites a group

promotes social change through civil disobedience

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deviance clarifies rules

by punishing deviant behavior, society reaffirms its commitment to the rules and clarifies their meanings

example:  punish somebody for breaking a rule or a law

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deviance unites a group

when deviant behavior is seen as a threat to group solidarity and people unite in opposition to that behavior, their loyalties to society are reinforced 

example:  9-11 unites america as a country

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deviance promotes social change through civil disobedience

they may violate norms in order to get them changed

example:  acts of civil disobedience including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts( used to protest and eventually correct injustices.  students periodically stage campus demonstrations to call attention to perceived injustices, such as tuition increase or the firing of a popular professor.  Major changes in culture and law)

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Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures.  They also identified 3 basic gang types (criminal, conflict, and retreatist)

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Illegitimate opportunity structures

circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.

example:  gang members may have insufficient legitimate means to achieve conventional goals of status and wealth but have these structures(such as theft, drug dealing, or robbery)  through which they can achieve these goals

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criminal gang

(neighborhood) devoted to theft, extortion ,and other illegal means of securing an income

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Conflict gang

(reputation)  come from communities that don't provide either legitimate/illegitimate opportunities.  they seek to acquire a reputation by fighting over territory and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities

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retreatist gang

members are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones.  (heroin attics in Seattle)

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Social dyanmite

persons who have been marginalize (including rioters, labor organizers, gang members, and criminals

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Barry Krisbery most value possession

privilege is most valued by a particular social group in a given historical period.  Privilege includes not only rights such as life, liberty and happiness, but also material possessions such as money, luxury items, land, and houses

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Marxist feminist approach

based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy.  Women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggles that often take place in postindustrial societies such as our 

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differential association theory

the proposition that individuals have greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity

it contributes to our knowlege of how deviant behavior reflects individuals learned techniques, values, attitudes, motive, & rationalizations

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Rational choice

suggests that most people who commit crimes don't engage in random acts of antisocial behavior.  instead, they make careful decisions based on weighing the available info regarding situational factors and personal factors

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rational choice theory

deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the cost & benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions

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containment

some people don't resort to deviance because they surround themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem & good group cohesion

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Inner containment

such as self control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions

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outer containment

such as supportive family and frinds, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others

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labeling theory

deviance is a socially constructed process in which social controll agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly :

primary 

secondary

tertiary

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primary stage of deviance

refers to the initial act of rule breaking

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secondary Deviance

when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior

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Tertiary deviance

when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant

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Felonies examples

a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death

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misdemeanor

minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail

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uniform crime report (UCR)

What is the major source of information on crimes

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gender, age, social class and race

what is included in conventional (street) crimes

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Edwin Sutherland Occupational (white-collar) crime?

comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

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Corporate crime

illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support.

example  antitrust violations, tax evasion, misrepresentation in advertising, infringements

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political crime

illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it

example:  pentagon officials found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified info to major defense contractors

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discretion

the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation.

example:  police because they have the power to selectively enforce the law and many time have been accused of being too harsh or too lenient on alleged offenders

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punishment

any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed

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retribution

punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others (payback)

example:  a murderer should be punished more than a shoplifter

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Rehabilitation

seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational/educational training

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Global stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world

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high income countries

nations characterized by highly industrialized economies, technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations & relatively high levels of national and per capita (per person) income

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low income countries

primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income

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Agrarian Nations

low income countries, (use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food)

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World income gap

continues to widen... in other nations there are gaps that are more pronounced than they are in the US

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1960 more than 30 time the income of the poorest 20%; in 2000 the had almost 80 times the income of the poorest 20%

the wealthies 20% had what?

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widen over the past 50 years

the income gap continues to

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the idea of developement

what is the primary means used to reduce inequalities

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primary problems of studying global stratification

is what terminology should be used to refer to the distribution of resources in various nations

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Terms introduced after WWII

first world

second world

third world

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First world

nations said to consist of the rich, industialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems

US, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand

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Second World

nations said to be countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living 

China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of Soviet Union

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Third World

poorest countries, with little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality

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Three World's approach

no longer and accurate representation of global inequality, so "the fourth world" was created to describe the multiple black holes of social exclusion

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Social exclusion

the process by which certain individuals and groups are systematically barred from access to positions that would enable them to have an autonomous livelihood in keeping with the social standards and values of a given social context.

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Marshall plan

provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the european economic base destroyed during WWII

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Gross national income

a term that refers to all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals or corporations

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standard of living

material well-bein that can be measure by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income

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World bank focuses

focuses on 3 development themes:

people, 

the environment, 

and the economy (low, middle, and high, income)

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50% (about half)

what % of world population live in 54 low income economies

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countries in asia and africa, where half the worlds population lives

Where are the low income economies found and who is most affected

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Global feminization of poverty

women around the world tend to be more impoverished than men

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capital flight

the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another

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mozambique, nicaragua, congo, bolivia, ethiopia, and tanzania

World bank funds set up to reduce debt that exceed  200-250% of countries annual export earnings.... which countries

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deindustrialization

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China

country that has experience 270% increase in per capita income 

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gross domestic product

all the goods and services produced within a country's economy during a given quantity of goods/ services

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Absolute poverty

a condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.  measure by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods/services

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Relative poverty

exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.  Measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others

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subjective poverty

measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions

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Gini coefficient

ranges from zero (everyone has the same income) to 100 (one person receives all the income

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haiti

poorest nation in the western hemisphere

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human development index (HDI)

established 3 new criteria for measuring the level of development in a country:

life expectancy

education

living standards

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United Nations

since the 1970s they have more actively focused on human development as a crucial factor in fighting poverty

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human development

the process of expanding choices that people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity, through expanding capabilities and thought people taking action themselves to improve their lives

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malnutrition

a nutritional deficiency with serious consequences for child mortality. a common problem amond children, many who are underweight, stunted, and have anemia

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health

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity

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literate

someone who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement on their life

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women

who is the most illiterate in low income countries

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1.3 billion people

number of people living in absolute poverty

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modernization theory

a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle and high income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth

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depenency theory

global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries 

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world systems theory

what exists under capitalism is truly global system that is held together by economic ties

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peripheral nations

nations that are dependent on core nation for capital, have little or no industrialization and have uneven patterns of urbanization

      Mode:   CARDS LIST       ? pages   PRINT EXIT

Gang	a group of people, usually young, who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.
deviance	any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant cultural norms in the society or group in which it occurs
degree of seriousness	deviant behavior varies in this; ranging from mile transgressions of folkways, to more serious infringements of mores, to quite serious violations of the law.
crime	behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and other sanctions

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juvenile delinquency	a violation of law or the commission of a status offense by young people
social control	systematic practices developed by social groups to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance
internal (interior) social control	takes place through the socialization process where individuals internalize social norms and values that prescribe how people should behave and then follow those norms and values in their everyday lives
external social control	involves the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists

Generated by Koofers.com

criminology	the systematc study of crime and the criminal justice system, including the police courts, and prisons
functions of deviance	clarifies rules unites a group promotes social change through civil disobedience
deviance clarifies rules	by punishing deviant behavior, society reaffirms its commitment to the rules and clarifies their meanings example:  punish somebody for breaking a rule or a law
deviance unites a group	when deviant behavior is seen as a threat to group solidarity and people unite in opposition to that behavior, their loyalties to society are reinforced  example:  9-11 unites america as a country

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deviance promotes social change through civil disobedience	they may violate norms in order to get them changed example:  acts of civil disobedience including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts( used to protest and eventually correct injustices.  students periodically stage campus demonstrations to call attention to perceived injustices, such as tuition increase or the firing of a popular professor.  Major changes in culture and law)
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin	for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures.  They also identified 3 basic gang types (criminal, conflict, and retreatist)
Illegitimate opportunity structures	circumstances that provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels. example:  gang members may have insufficient legitimate means to achieve conventional goals of status and wealth but have these structures(such as theft, drug dealing, or robbery)  through which they can achieve these goals
criminal gang	(neighborhood) devoted to theft, extortion ,and other illegal means of securing an income

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Conflict gang	(reputation)  come from communities that don't provide either legitimate/illegitimate opportunities.  they seek to acquire a reputation by fighting over territory and adopting a value system of toughness, courage, and similar qualities
retreatist gang	members are unable to gain success through legitimate means and are unwilling to do so through illegal ones.  (heroin attics in Seattle)
Social dyanmite	persons who have been marginalize (including rioters, labor organizers, gang members, and criminals
Barry Krisbery most value possession	privilege is most valued by a particular social group in a given historical period.  Privilege includes not only rights such as life, liberty and happiness, but also material possessions such as money, luxury items, land, and houses

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Marxist feminist approach	based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy.  Women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggles that often take place in postindustrial societies such as our
differential association theory	the proposition that individuals have greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associate with persons who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity it contributes to our knowlege of how deviant behavior reflects individuals learned techniques, values, attitudes, motive, & rationalizations
Rational choice	suggests that most people who commit crimes don't engage in random acts of antisocial behavior.  instead, they make careful decisions based on weighing the available info regarding situational factors and personal factors
rational choice theory	deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the cost & benefits of nonconventional or criminal behavior and determines that the benefits will outweigh the risks involved in such actions

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containment	some people don't resort to deviance because they surround themselves from such pressures by having positive self-esteem & good group cohesion
Inner containment	such as self control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions
outer containment	such as supportive family and frinds, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others
labeling theory	deviance is a socially constructed process in which social controll agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they in turn, come to accept the label placed upon them and begin to act accordingly : primary  secondary tertiary

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primary stage of deviance	refers to the initial act of rule breaking
secondary Deviance	when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior
Tertiary deviance	when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant
Felonies examples	a serious crime such as rape, homicide, or aggravated assault, for which punishment typically ranges from more than a year's imprisonment to death

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misdemeanor	minor crime that is typically punished by less than one year in jail
uniform crime report (UCR)	What is the major source of information on crimes
gender, age, social class and race	what is included in conventional (street) crimes
Edwin Sutherland Occupational (white-collar) crime?	comprises illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs.

Generated by Koofers.com

Corporate crime	illegal acts committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support. example  antitrust violations, tax evasion, misrepresentation in advertising, infringements
political crime	illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement, undermine the government, or overthrow it example:  pentagon officials found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified info to major defense contractors
discretion	the use of personal judgment by police officers, prosecutors, judges, and other criminal justice system officials regarding whether and how to proceed in a given situation. example:  police because they have the power to selectively enforce the law and many time have been accused of being too harsh or too lenient on alleged offenders
punishment	any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed

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retribution	punishment that a person receives for infringing on the rights of others (payback) example:  a murderer should be punished more than a shoplifter
Rehabilitation	seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational/educational training
Global stratification	the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world
high income countries	nations characterized by highly industrialized economies, technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations & relatively high levels of national and per capita (per person) income

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low income countries	primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income
Agrarian Nations	low income countries, (use the technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows and equipment, to produce their food)
World income gap	continues to widen... in other nations there are gaps that are more pronounced than they are in the US
1960 more than 30 time the income of the poorest 20%; in 2000 the had almost 80 times the income of the poorest 20%	the wealthies 20% had what?

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widen over the past 50 years	the income gap continues to
the idea of developement	what is the primary means used to reduce inequalities
primary problems of studying global stratification	is what terminology should be used to refer to the distribution of resources in various nations
Terms introduced after WWII	first world second world third world

Generated by Koofers.com

First world	nations said to consist of the rich, industialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems US, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand
Second World	nations said to be countries with at least a moderate level of economic development and a moderate standard of living  China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and portions of Soviet Union
Third World	poorest countries, with little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality
Three World's approach	no longer and accurate representation of global inequality, so "the fourth world" was created to describe the multiple black holes of social exclusion

Generated by Koofers.com

Social exclusion	the process by which certain individuals and groups are systematically barred from access to positions that would enable them to have an autonomous livelihood in keeping with the social standards and values of a given social context.
Marshall plan	provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the european economic base destroyed during WWII
Gross national income	a term that refers to all the goods and services produced in a country in a given year, plus the net income earned outside the country by individuals or corporations
standard of living	material well-bein that can be measure by the quality of goods and services that may be purchased by the per capita national income

Generated by Koofers.com

World bank focuses	focuses on 3 development themes: people,  the environment,  and the economy (low, middle, and high, income)
50% (about half)	what % of world population live in 54 low income economies
countries in asia and africa, where half the worlds population lives	Where are the low income economies found and who is most affected
Global feminization of poverty	women around the world tend to be more impoverished than men

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capital flight	the movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another
mozambique, nicaragua, congo, bolivia, ethiopia, and tanzania	World bank funds set up to reduce debt that exceed  200-250% of countries annual export earnings.... which countries
deindustrialization
China	country that has experience 270% increase in per capita income

Generated by Koofers.com

gross domestic product	all the goods and services produced within a country's economy during a given quantity of goods/ services
Absolute poverty	a condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.  measure by comparing personal or household income or expenses with the cost of buying a given quantity of goods/services
Relative poverty	exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.  Measured by comparing one person's income with the incomes of others
subjective poverty	measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions

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Gini coefficient	ranges from zero (everyone has the same income) to 100 (one person receives all the income
haiti	poorest nation in the western hemisphere
human development index (HDI)	established 3 new criteria for measuring the level of development in a country: life expectancy education living standards
United Nations	since the 1970s they have more actively focused on human development as a crucial factor in fighting poverty

Generated by Koofers.com

human development	the process of expanding choices that people have in life, to lead a life to its full potential and in dignity, through expanding capabilities and thought people taking action themselves to improve their lives
malnutrition	a nutritional deficiency with serious consequences for child mortality. a common problem amond children, many who are underweight, stunted, and have anemia
health	a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease or infirmity
literate	someone who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement on their life

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women	who is the most illiterate in low income countries
1.3 billion people	number of people living in absolute poverty
modernization theory	a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle and high income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth
depenency theory	global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries

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world systems theory	what exists under capitalism is truly global system that is held together by economic ties
peripheral nations	nations that are dependent on core nation for capital, have little or no industrialization and have uneven patterns of urbanization

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