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Universities » University of Alabama - Huntsvil.. » SOC - Sociology » 100 - INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY » Flash Cards

Exam 1 - Flashcards

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Class:SOC 100 - INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY
Subject:Sociology
University:University of Alabama - Huntsville
Term:Fall 2010
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Manifest Consequence The intended and obvious consequence of an action. Ex. Imprisoning law offenders to protect the public
Latent Consequence The unintended and frequently hidden consequence of an action. Ex. Imprisoned law offenders share information about how to commit crimes.
Sociological Imagination Ability to look beyond the personal troubles of individuals to see the public issues of social structure. Individual can locate himself within his time period, and are aware of individuals in similar circumstances. (enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the 2 in society)
Subject Interpretation A social barrier to research which exists in social sciences but not in natural sciences; People lie, especially when there's socially desirable responses which are possible.
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Researcher Effects A social barrier to research; Makes it more difficult to see the truth. Ex.White man asking black people about racial issues.
Social Context Source of all "sociological" explanation; exists outside of people; social background/conditions.
Social Forces ELEMENTS of social context; Focuses on what social contexts DO; They reflect constraints, opportunities, and situations that orient and direct people; Yields PATTERNS - rates and trends, which are social FACTS. Ex. Never introduced to Islam? Will never be a Muslim.
Social Facts Focuses on what people analyzing society (sociologists) can do with contexts (Ex. making predictions)
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Auguste Comte Discovered the chaos which remained after French Revolution; urged some scholars to specialize in studying problems of society- named study Sociology; considered the "Great Priest of Humanity"
The Law of 3 Stages Comte said the history of people's understanding of things followed the Law of 3 Stages: 1. Theological stage; religious leaders main sources of knowledge and intellectual authority. 2. Metaphysical; people turned to philosophers. 3. Positive of Scientific; knowledge based on scientific principles
Mechanical Solidarity Apparent in pre-modern society, which had a very simple division of labor (Ex. everyone farmed for a job), so they were very similar; People in the society function together as simple machine. Origin : Durkheim
Collective Conscience Similar circumstances (Ex. pre-modern society people all farmed) lead people to have shared ideas, values, and goals.
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Organic Solidarity Occurs as a result of more specialized labor (people are dependent upon each other for trade); Society functions as a complex entity that depends on the proper functioning of a variety of parts, or organs; Emphasizes the personal conscience vs. the collective; Maintains 'internal order' Origin : Durkheim
Sui Generis Durkheim believed that social phenomena have a reality which exists all on its own' social facts must be distinguished from individual biological or psychological facts.
Social Fact According to Durkheim, social facts are manners of thinking, acting and feeling EXTERNAL to the individual, which are invested with coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him.
Social Currents Less "crystallized" form of social fact, with same objectivity and same ascendancy over the individual. May be social "facts in development" or just pure fads which disappear.
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Gemeinschaft One of the 2 basic categories of social relationships according to Tonnies; relationships which are entered into as ends in and of themselves; relationships with communal bonds; caring and concern. (Ex. close friends and family)
Gesellschaft One of the 2 basic categories of social relationships according to Tonnies; relationships entered to as means to special ends; temporary and impersonal; "transactions" to achieve goals.
Rationalization process by which social organization is increasingly guided by REASON; the "cold' calculation of interests, and an emphasis on efficiency. (Ex. going from hobby to professional sport)
Karl Marx Believed the most crucial thing about a society was its primary mode of production and distribution of goods (economy).
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The Bourgeoisie According to Karl Marx, these were the people who owned the means of production (Ex. Owners of factories)
The Proletariat According to Karl Marx, these were the workers in the means of production.
Epiphenomenal According to Karl Marx, this was characteristic of every issue not related to economy; it is all secondary to the primary phenomenon.
The 2 Unique Qualities of People According to Charon Social and cultural
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Socialization Process which representatives of society (parents, teachers etc) teach people the ways of society; influences our choices, abilities, interests, values, ideas, and perspective.
L'ame Collective "group-mind"
Dynamic Equilibrium When fertility equals mortality and population says constant.
Demographic Transition Theory At low levels of industrialization, both fertility and mortality are high, population growth is slow. Health services improve = death rates fall. Birth rates lag by a generation or two, opening gap between fertility and mortality, which leads to POPULATION GROWTH.
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GNP Gross national product
3 Types of FACTS About People According to Mill Physical/biological: in the body (individual) Psychological: in the mind (individual) Social: based in the social (group, collective); based on human interactions that produce patterns (which we create, and we change) (Ex. 9.6 unemployment rate, 38% college attendance rate, the medical system)
Two Categories of Social Contexts Macrosociological (big stuff of societies) : institutions (economy or polity); Durkheimian social facts (rates/trends or unemployment rate) Microsociological (little stuff) : people interacting (social situations); socialization *Both are beyond the individual of analysis
Demography The study of populations and their characteristics. Ex. Life expectancy = a demographic characteristic
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NGR National Groth Rate. Population doubling thumb = 70/NGR. Excludes migration. NGR = birth rate minus death rate in %
Immigration vs. Emigration Immigrant = Voluntary migration; white, Latinos, Asians and others. Emigrate = Forced migration; Africans
Population Pyramids Graphically depicts the age structure of a given population. Can be a social fact, or a projected fact.
The 2 Main Theories of Population Growth Malthusian Theory and the Demographic Transition Theory
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Malthusian Theory Belief that the population explosion will create social chaos-insufficient food, "carrying capacity" (there is only a certain amount of food which a certain amount of land can handle)
Meadows' Main Concern About Population Growth His concern was that even if total food production increased massively, it would not be able to keep up with the massive population-resulting in a decline in total food per PERSON (capita)
2 Possible Crises From Global Overpopulation Humanitarian and environmental.
Brinkmanship Constant threat of nuclear weapons throughout the world.
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Ethnographic Fieldwork involved in anthropology, to get to know every part of a particular culture.
Chambliss' Argument That individualistic "common sense" explanations for excellence are inadequate; Talent mystifies excellence; Talent is indistinguishable from its effects (good performance).
Factors Which Facilitate Excellence (Chambliss) Parents, coaches, practice etc. NOT talent
Social Solidarity Social unity and cohesion
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Functionalists (Courtesy of Durkheim) They assume the normal state of society is socially ordered (functional), and chaos, or social disorder, is abnormal (dysfunctional)
Marx's Theory of Economic Determinism "the history of all societies is the history of class struggles"; The haves vs. have-nots; conflict of interest between owners and workers. *Slave-based system = HUMANS as means of production *feudal/agrarian = LAND as means of production *capitalist = CAPITAL (money, factories) as means of production Dominant (bourgeoisie/master/lords-serfs) class OWNS means of production, subordinate (slave/peasants/proletariat) class SELLS LABOR to survive.
Capitalism According To Marx Successfully generates wealth but distorts meaning of the work. Work becomes a means to an end, which results in unhappy workers. System structure promotes the conflict of interests between classes.
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 Manifest ConsequenceThe intended and obvious consequence of an action.

Ex. Imprisoning law offenders to protect the public
 Latent ConsequenceThe unintended and frequently hidden consequence of an action.

Ex. Imprisoned law offenders share information about how to commit crimes.
 Sociological ImaginationAbility to look beyond the personal troubles of individuals to see the public issues of social structure. Individual can locate himself within his time period, and are aware of individuals in similar circumstances. (enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the 2 in society)
 Subject InterpretationA social barrier to research which exists in social sciences but not in natural sciences; People lie, especially when there's socially desirable responses which are possible.
 Researcher EffectsA social barrier to research; Makes it more difficult to see the truth.

Ex.White man asking black people about racial issues.
 Social ContextSource of all "sociological" explanation; exists outside of people; social background/conditions.
 Social ForcesELEMENTS of social context; Focuses on what social contexts DO; They reflect constraints, opportunities, and situations that orient and direct people; Yields PATTERNS - rates and trends, which are social FACTS.

Ex. Never introduced to Islam? Will never be a Muslim.
 Social FactsFocuses on what people analyzing society (sociologists) can do with contexts (Ex. making predictions)
 Auguste Comte Discovered the chaos which remained after French Revolution; urged some scholars to specialize in studying problems of society- named study Sociology; considered the "Great Priest of Humanity"
 The Law of 3 StagesComte said the history of people's understanding of things followed the Law of 3 Stages:

1. Theological stage; religious leaders main sources of knowledge and intellectual authority.
2. Metaphysical; people turned to philosophers.
3. Positive of Scientific; knowledge based on scientific principles
 Mechanical SolidarityApparent in pre-modern society, which had a very simple division of labor (Ex. everyone farmed for a job), so they were very similar; People in the society function together as simple machine.

Origin : Durkheim
 Collective ConscienceSimilar circumstances (Ex. pre-modern society people all farmed) lead people to have shared ideas, values, and goals.
 Organic SolidarityOccurs as a result of more specialized labor (people are dependent upon each other for trade); Society functions as a complex entity that depends on the proper functioning of a variety of parts, or organs; Emphasizes the personal conscience vs. the collective; Maintains 'internal order'

Origin : Durkheim
 Sui GenerisDurkheim believed that social phenomena have a reality which exists all on its own' social facts must be distinguished from individual biological or psychological facts.
 Social FactAccording to Durkheim, social facts are manners of thinking, acting and feeling EXTERNAL to the individual, which are invested with coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him.
 Social CurrentsLess "crystallized" form of social fact, with same objectivity and same ascendancy over the individual.

May be social "facts in development" or just pure fads which disappear.
 GemeinschaftOne of the 2 basic categories of social relationships according to Tonnies; relationships which are entered into as ends in and of themselves; relationships with communal bonds; caring and concern. (Ex. close friends and family)
 GesellschaftOne of the 2 basic categories of social relationships according to Tonnies; relationships entered to as means to special ends; temporary and impersonal; "transactions" to achieve goals.
 Rationalizationprocess by which social organization is increasingly guided by REASON; the "cold' calculation of interests, and an emphasis on efficiency. (Ex. going from hobby to professional sport)
 Karl MarxBelieved the most crucial thing about a society was its primary mode of production and distribution of goods (economy).
 The BourgeoisieAccording to Karl Marx, these were the people who owned the means of production (Ex. Owners of factories)
 The ProletariatAccording to Karl Marx, these were the workers in the means of production.
 EpiphenomenalAccording to Karl Marx, this was characteristic of every issue not related to economy; it is all secondary to the primary phenomenon.
 The 2 Unique Qualities of People According to CharonSocial and cultural
 SocializationProcess which representatives of society (parents, teachers etc) teach people the ways of society; influences our choices, abilities, interests, values, ideas, and perspective.
 L'ame Collective"group-mind"
 Dynamic EquilibriumWhen fertility equals mortality and population says constant.
 Demographic Transition TheoryAt low levels of industrialization, both fertility and mortality are high, population growth is slow. Health services improve = death rates fall. Birth rates lag by a generation or two, opening gap between fertility and mortality, which leads to POPULATION GROWTH.
 GNPGross national product
 3 Types of FACTS About People According to MillPhysical/biological: in the body (individual)
Psychological: in the mind (individual)
Social: based in the social (group, collective); based on human interactions that produce patterns (which we create, and we change) (Ex. 9.6 unemployment rate, 38% college attendance rate, the medical system)
 Two Categories of Social ContextsMacrosociological (big stuff of societies) : institutions (economy or polity); Durkheimian social facts (rates/trends or unemployment rate)

Microsociological (little stuff) : people interacting (social situations); socialization

*Both are beyond the individual of analysis
 DemographyThe study of populations and their characteristics.

Ex. Life expectancy = a demographic characteristic
 NGRNational Groth Rate. Population doubling thumb = 70/NGR.
Excludes migration. NGR = birth rate minus death rate in %
 Immigration vs. EmigrationImmigrant = Voluntary migration; white, Latinos, Asians and others.

Emigrate = Forced migration; Africans
 Population PyramidsGraphically depicts the age structure of a given population. Can be a social fact, or a projected fact.
 The 2 Main Theories of Population GrowthMalthusian Theory and the Demographic Transition Theory
 Malthusian TheoryBelief that the population explosion will create social chaos-insufficient food, "carrying capacity" (there is only a certain amount of food which a certain amount of land can handle)
 Meadows' Main Concern About Population GrowthHis concern was that even if total food production increased massively, it would not be able to keep up with the massive population-resulting in a decline in total food per PERSON (capita)
 2 Possible Crises From Global OverpopulationHumanitarian and environmental.
 BrinkmanshipConstant threat of nuclear weapons throughout the world.
 EthnographicFieldwork involved in anthropology, to get to know every part of a particular culture.
 Chambliss' ArgumentThat individualistic "common sense" explanations for excellence are inadequate; Talent mystifies excellence; Talent is indistinguishable from its effects (good performance).
 Factors Which Facilitate Excellence (Chambliss)Parents, coaches, practice etc. NOT talent
 Social SolidaritySocial unity and cohesion
 Functionalists(Courtesy of Durkheim) They assume the normal state of society is socially ordered (functional), and chaos, or social disorder, is abnormal (dysfunctional)
 Marx's Theory of Economic Determinism"the history of all societies is the history of class struggles"; The haves vs. have-nots; conflict of interest between owners and workers.
*Slave-based system = HUMANS as means of production
*feudal/agrarian = LAND as means of production
*capitalist = CAPITAL (money, factories) as means of production

Dominant (bourgeoisie/master/lords-serfs) class OWNS means of production, subordinate (slave/peasants/proletariat) class SELLS LABOR to survive.
 Capitalism According To MarxSuccessfully generates wealth but distorts meaning of the work. Work becomes a means to an end, which results in unhappy workers. System structure promotes the conflict of interests between classes.
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