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Universities » Wake Forest University (WF) » SOC - Sociology » 151 - Principles of Sociology » Flash Cards

exam 1: research, culture, socialization - Flashcards

Flashcard Deck Information

Class:	SOC 151 - Principles of Sociology
Subject:	Sociology
University:	Wake Forest University
Term:	Fall 2010

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Socialization

Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, politicians and educationalists to refer to the process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies.

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Culture

a design for living

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social deviance

Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviours that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).

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social inequalities

Economic inequality (or "wealth and income differences") comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.

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social change

individuals come together to change
ie obama and healthcare

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Durkheim study

Founder of Modern sociology

suicides have group differences due to social integration

egoistic suicide
altruistic suicide
anomic suicide

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egoistic suicide

more support < likely to commit suicide

norms of masculinity make men more likely

protestants are individualistic

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altruistic suicide

Altruistic suicide is suicide committed for the benefit of others.

irrationally committed to a group

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anomic suicide

associated with economy

loss of control and norms fall apart

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hypothesis

cause/efect
educated guess

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variable

property of something that changes from one case to the next

make sure that the variable intedned to be measured is infact being measured

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validity

accurate measure

closely associated to $ and time/effort

ie LSAT -> coach vs not coached

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reliability

variable that yields same result

ie LSAT -> scores went down

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specifying relationships among variable

does a change in one variable create change in the next

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independent variable

changing

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dependent variable

measured/changing/effected variable

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imitation hypothesis

media violence -> violent behavior

so more exposure to younger kids increase aggression

experimental can conclude causation

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catharsis hypothesis

media violence -> violent behavior goes down

cathardic effec purges us of the need for violence

Click Card to flip

desensitizing

media violence -> insensitivity to violence

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cultural reflection

violent society -> media violence

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null hypothesis

media violence violent behavior

there is no association

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types of data collection

1. interviews
2. content analysis
3. experimental methods
4. participant observation
5. existing (secondary) data

state of the art research = multiple methods

Click Card to flip

surveys (type of interview)

most common

-series of questions
- inexpensive for the amount of ingo
-randomized samples
-best for attitude, not so much for behavior

Click Card to flip

in depth interviewing

researcher asking you questions but you pick your own answers

expensive and good for details bc it allows probing/clarifying

Click Card to flip

interview cons

Cons:
- surveys aren't always clear and validity bcms questionable

- in depth interviews are
time consuming,
expensive,
leading questions (you have to be neutral in asking questions)

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content analysis

-analyzing media
-good for getting into the cultural aspect (values and beliefs)
-create defn

CONS: time consuming, expensive, reliable and clear guidelines /defn

Click Card to flip

experimental method

best method for establishing cause and effect

CONS: removed from natural settings (external validity)

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participant observation (ethnography)

largely used
-immersion
great details and insights

Cons: field notes and expensive, Hawthorne effect (presence of outsider), not reliable

IE Margaret Mead

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existing (secondary) data

don't have to collect

CONS: reliability, time frame, the focus of the data may be very different from your own question

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intervening variables

variables that must be taken into account when trying to formulate a cause/effect relationship

lead to spurious associations

confounding variables

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Margaret Mead

believed the sex diff were rooted in culture not bio
culture -> gender roles

Click Card to flip

spurious associations

bogus associations

IE ice cream -> rape

Click Card to flip

nature theory

all social behavior is biologically based (genetic, evolution, etc

IE prostitution only exists bc males have stronger sexual urges than women

Click Card to flip

nurture theory

institution, emotions, etc have social base (we learn how to behave)

human nature is flexible and culture is learned (adaptive)

IE teen drinking is due to billboards, movies, parents, media exposure

Click Card to flip

functionalism (Robert Merton)

- society is a whole, many subsystems that are coordinated with one another to promote needs of the whole (IE gov't in the US)
- social change is gradual and culture develops on societies needs
- society is stable and works like a calibrated clock
- cohesive bc of our shared norms
- latent and manifest functions

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latent functions vs manifest functions

unintended functions vs intended
cows in Hindu
manifest: sacred religion
latent: cows poop and bring nutrients in ground

more IE
- professor teach also is socializing us
- politicians trying to get votes appeal to immigrant needs therefore immigrants were better assimilated

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cons of functionalism

CONS:
- difference in social groups tear it apart
- very conservative
- diff environments doesn't mean equal opp

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conflict theory (Karl Marx)

- emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism.
- revolutionary changes
- scarce resources = competition
leaders get resources for their members (ie labor unions)

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Material culture (high vs pop)

tangible items

high culture: art, classical music, couture fashion

popular culture: tv, music, sandals, fast food

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cognitive culture

- thought process
Examples:
time and space (the way we reckon time is different from other cultures)

competitive and individualistic in USA

age based education system

Click Card to flip

normative culture (Zbrowski)

shared expectations (moral component)

ZBROWSKI study of pain: an experiment that shows how culture effects how we deal with things in the "correct" way

normative culture -> response to pain

Click Card to flip

Pain expectancy

the degree of pain that is expected

Click Card to flip

pain acceptance

reject or accept pain

Americans don't accept pain
Italians accept pain

Click Card to flip

pain apprehension

-- tendency to avoid pain

Click Card to flip

pain anxiety

worry about the significance of the pain

-- Jews were really pain anxious while Americans were stoic

Click Card to flip

ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own.

Click Card to flip

cultural relativism

Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.

Click Card to flip

cultural universals

A cultural universal is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide.

food, gender, language, religion, clothing, government, technology, family, health, reproduction. etc.....

Click Card to flip

cultural inconsistencies

norms broke

1. subcultures: gay
2. external influence: deforestation
3. cultural lag: euthanasia

Click Card to flip

social mirror hypothesis

a way to describe experience (kinda like reflection theory)

simply reflects, doesn't shape our perceptions

sexist culture -> sexist language

Click Card to flip

social reinforcement hypothesis (Sapir-Worfe)

language not only reflects but shapes culture

language-> culture

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Gender Differences in the English Language

gender in the English language

SOCIAL MIRROR HYPO: to change culture we must change the laws and media

Click Card to flip

Gender Differences in English Language Use

women use interrnation and speak properly

men are competitive, interrupting, and insulting of each other

Click Card to flip

Socialization (nurture)

--process of becoming competent citizens
--passed down
--socialization agents would include parents, peers, teachers, etc
--we develop a sense of self
--can't be achieved alone

Click Card to flip

Biogenetic (nature)

development of unfolding of biological events

IE walking and talking happens around the same time for every baby in the world

Click Card to flip

Socialization contexts and agents: Kohn's study

parent occupation -> parental values -> parental behaviors

punishment: white collar use psychological force while blue collar use physical

AS A RESULT
WHITE collar kids are more anxious and worrisome
BLUE collar believe physical resolve is okay (aggression leads to aggression)

Click Card to flip

socialization: functionalism

once socialized they want to ac in normative ways

norms bcm part of your behavior

Click Card to flip

socialization: conflict theory

dominant groups

false conscience and prevents us from seeing our disadvantages so we don't challenge

Click Card to flip

Symbolic interaction

thru interaction we learn about ourselves

constructing shared reality eveyrtime you interact (create society)

socialization is a process and not internalized

CON: could break down bc of misinterpretation

Click Card to flip

Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach

off shoot of symbolic interaction

impression managements

cynical view (we are just trying to maximize ourselves)

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Socialization	Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, politicians and educationalists to refer to the process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies.
Culture	a design for living
social deviance	Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviours that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
social inequalities	Economic inequality (or "wealth and income differences") comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.

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social change	individuals come together to change ie obama and healthcare
Durkheim study	Founder of Modern sociology suicides have group differences due to social integration egoistic suicide altruistic suicide anomic suicide
egoistic suicide	more support < likely to commit suicide norms of masculinity make men more likely protestants are individualistic
altruistic suicide	Altruistic suicide is suicide committed for the benefit of others. irrationally committed to a group

Generated by

Koofers.com

anomic suicide	associated with economy loss of control and norms fall apart
hypothesis	cause/efect educated guess
variable	property of something that changes from one case to the next make sure that the variable intedned to be measured is infact being measured
validity	accurate measure closely associated to $ and time/effort ie LSAT -> coach vs not coached

Generated by

Koofers.com

reliability	variable that yields same result ie LSAT -> scores went down
specifying relationships among variable	does a change in one variable create change in the next
independent variable	changing
dependent variable	measured/changing/effected variable

Generated by

Koofers.com

imitation hypothesis	media violence -> violent behavior so more exposure to younger kids increase aggression experimental can conclude causation
catharsis hypothesis	media violence -> violent behavior goes down cathardic effec purges us of the need for violence
desensitizing	media violence -> insensitivity to violence
cultural reflection	violent society -> media violence

Generated by

Koofers.com

null hypothesis	media violence violent behavior there is no association
types of data collection	1. interviews 2. content analysis 3. experimental methods 4. participant observation 5. existing (secondary) data state of the art research = multiple methods
surveys (type of interview)	most common -series of questions - inexpensive for the amount of ingo -randomized samples -best for attitude, not so much for behavior
in depth interviewing	researcher asking you questions but you pick your own answers expensive and good for details bc it allows probing/clarifying

Generated by

Koofers.com

interview cons	Cons: - surveys aren't always clear and validity bcms questionable - in depth interviews are time consuming, expensive, leading questions (you have to be neutral in asking questions)
content analysis	-analyzing media -good for getting into the cultural aspect (values and beliefs) -create defn CONS: time consuming, expensive, reliable and clear guidelines /defn
experimental method	best method for establishing cause and effect CONS: removed from natural settings (external validity)
participant observation (ethnography)	largely used -immersion great details and insights Cons: field notes and expensive, Hawthorne effect (presence of outsider), not reliable IE Margaret Mead

Generated by

Koofers.com

existing (secondary) data	don't have to collect CONS: reliability, time frame, the focus of the data may be very different from your own question
intervening variables	variables that must be taken into account when trying to formulate a cause/effect relationship lead to spurious associations confounding variables
Margaret Mead	believed the sex diff were rooted in culture not bio culture -> gender roles
spurious associations	bogus associations IE ice cream -> rape

Generated by

Koofers.com

nature theory	all social behavior is biologically based (genetic, evolution, etc IE prostitution only exists bc males have stronger sexual urges than women
nurture theory	institution, emotions, etc have social base (we learn how to behave) human nature is flexible and culture is learned (adaptive) IE teen drinking is due to billboards, movies, parents, media exposure
functionalism (Robert Merton)	- society is a whole, many subsystems that are coordinated with one another to promote needs of the whole (IE gov't in the US) - social change is gradual and culture develops on societies needs - society is stable and works like a calibrated clock - cohesive bc of our shared norms - latent and manifest functions
latent functions vs manifest functions	unintended functions vs intended cows in Hindu manifest: sacred religion latent: cows poop and bring nutrients in ground more IE - professor teach also is socializing us - politicians trying to get votes appeal to immigrant needs therefore immigrants were better assimilated

Generated by

Koofers.com

cons of functionalism	CONS: - difference in social groups tear it apart - very conservative - diff environments doesn't mean equal opp
conflict theory (Karl Marx)	- emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. - revolutionary changes - scarce resources = competition leaders get resources for their members (ie labor unions)
Material culture (high vs pop)	tangible items high culture: art, classical music, couture fashion popular culture: tv, music, sandals, fast food
cognitive culture	- thought process Examples: time and space (the way we reckon time is different from other cultures) competitive and individualistic in USA age based education system

Generated by

Koofers.com

normative culture (Zbrowski)	shared expectations (moral component) ZBROWSKI study of pain: an experiment that shows how culture effects how we deal with things in the "correct" way normative culture -> response to pain
Pain expectancy	the degree of pain that is expected
pain acceptance	reject or accept pain Americans don't accept pain Italians accept pain
pain apprehension	-- tendency to avoid pain

Generated by

Koofers.com

pain anxiety	worry about the significance of the pain -- Jews were really pain anxious while Americans were stoic
ethnocentrism	Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own.
cultural relativism	Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.
cultural universals	A cultural universal is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. food, gender, language, religion, clothing, government, technology, family, health, reproduction. etc.....

Generated by

Koofers.com

cultural inconsistencies	norms broke 1. subcultures: gay 2. external influence: deforestation 3. cultural lag: euthanasia
social mirror hypothesis	a way to describe experience (kinda like reflection theory) simply reflects, doesn't shape our perceptions sexist culture -> sexist language
social reinforcement hypothesis (Sapir-Worfe)	language not only reflects but shapes culture language-> culture
Gender Differences in the English Language	gender in the English language SOCIAL MIRROR HYPO: to change culture we must change the laws and media

Generated by

Koofers.com

Gender Differences in English Language Use	women use interrnation and speak properly men are competitive, interrupting, and insulting of each other
Socialization (nurture)	--process of becoming competent citizens --passed down --socialization agents would include parents, peers, teachers, etc --we develop a sense of self --can't be achieved alone
Biogenetic (nature)	development of unfolding of biological events IE walking and talking happens around the same time for every baby in the world
Socialization contexts and agents: Kohn's study	parent occupation -> parental values -> parental behaviors punishment: white collar use psychological force while blue collar use physical AS A RESULT WHITE collar kids are more anxious and worrisome BLUE collar believe physical resolve is okay (aggression leads to aggression)

Generated by

Koofers.com

socialization: functionalism	once socialized they want to ac in normative ways norms bcm part of your behavior
socialization: conflict theory	dominant groups false conscience and prevents us from seeing our disadvantages so we don't challenge
Symbolic interaction	thru interaction we learn about ourselves constructing shared reality eveyrtime you interact (create society) socialization is a process and not internalized CON: could break down bc of misinterpretation
Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach	off shoot of symbolic interaction impression managements cynical view (we are just trying to maximize ourselves)

Generated by

Koofers.com

List View: Terms & Definitions

Hide All 60 Print

	Front	Back
	Socialization	Socialization is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, politicians and educationalists to refer to the process of inheriting norms, customs and ideologies.
	Culture	a design for living
	social deviance	Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviours that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).
	social inequalities	Economic inequality (or "wealth and income differences") comprises all disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income.
	social change	individuals come together to change ie obama and healthcare
	Durkheim study	Founder of Modern sociology suicides have group differences due to social integration egoistic suicide altruistic suicide anomic suicide
	egoistic suicide	more support < likely to commit suicide norms of masculinity make men more likely protestants are individualistic
	altruistic suicide	Altruistic suicide is suicide committed for the benefit of others. irrationally committed to a group
	anomic suicide	associated with economy loss of control and norms fall apart
	hypothesis	cause/efect educated guess
	variable	property of something that changes from one case to the next make sure that the variable intedned to be measured is infact being measured
	validity	accurate measure closely associated to $ and time/effort ie LSAT -> coach vs not coached
	reliability	variable that yields same result ie LSAT -> scores went down
	specifying relationships among variable	does a change in one variable create change in the next
	independent variable	changing
	dependent variable	measured/changing/effected variable
	imitation hypothesis	media violence -> violent behavior so more exposure to younger kids increase aggression experimental can conclude causation
	catharsis hypothesis	media violence -> violent behavior goes down cathardic effec purges us of the need for violence
	desensitizing	media violence -> insensitivity to violence
	cultural reflection	violent society -> media violence
	null hypothesis	media violence violent behavior there is no association
	types of data collection	1. interviews 2. content analysis 3. experimental methods 4. participant observation 5. existing (secondary) data state of the art research = multiple methods
	surveys (type of interview)	most common -series of questions - inexpensive for the amount of ingo -randomized samples -best for attitude, not so much for behavior
	in depth interviewing	researcher asking you questions but you pick your own answers expensive and good for details bc it allows probing/clarifying
	interview cons	Cons: - surveys aren't always clear and validity bcms questionable - in depth interviews are time consuming, expensive, leading questions (you have to be neutral in asking questions)
	content analysis	-analyzing media -good for getting into the cultural aspect (values and beliefs) -create defn CONS: time consuming, expensive, reliable and clear guidelines /defn
	experimental method	best method for establishing cause and effect CONS: removed from natural settings (external validity)
	participant observation (ethnography)	largely used -immersion great details and insights Cons: field notes and expensive, Hawthorne effect (presence of outsider), not reliable IE Margaret Mead
	existing (secondary) data	don't have to collect CONS: reliability, time frame, the focus of the data may be very different from your own question
	intervening variables	variables that must be taken into account when trying to formulate a cause/effect relationship lead to spurious associations confounding variables
	Margaret Mead	believed the sex diff were rooted in culture not bio culture -> gender roles
	spurious associations	bogus associations IE ice cream -> rape
	nature theory	all social behavior is biologically based (genetic, evolution, etc IE prostitution only exists bc males have stronger sexual urges than women
	nurture theory	institution, emotions, etc have social base (we learn how to behave) human nature is flexible and culture is learned (adaptive) IE teen drinking is due to billboards, movies, parents, media exposure
	functionalism (Robert Merton)	- society is a whole, many subsystems that are coordinated with one another to promote needs of the whole (IE gov't in the US) - social change is gradual and culture develops on societies needs - society is stable and works like a calibrated clock - cohesive bc of our shared norms - latent and manifest functions
	latent functions vs manifest functions	unintended functions vs intended cows in Hindu manifest: sacred religion latent: cows poop and bring nutrients in ground more IE - professor teach also is socializing us - politicians trying to get votes appeal to immigrant needs therefore immigrants were better assimilated
	cons of functionalism	CONS: - difference in social groups tear it apart - very conservative - diff environments doesn't mean equal opp
	conflict theory (Karl Marx)	- emphasize the social, political or material inequality of a social group, which critique the broad socio-political system, or which otherwise detract from structural functionalism and ideological conservativism. - revolutionary changes - scarce resources = competition leaders get resources for their members (ie labor unions)
	Material culture (high vs pop)	tangible items high culture: art, classical music, couture fashion popular culture: tv, music, sandals, fast food
	cognitive culture	- thought process Examples: time and space (the way we reckon time is different from other cultures) competitive and individualistic in USA age based education system
	normative culture (Zbrowski)	shared expectations (moral component) ZBROWSKI study of pain: an experiment that shows how culture effects how we deal with things in the "correct" way normative culture -> response to pain
	Pain expectancy	the degree of pain that is expected
	pain acceptance	reject or accept pain Americans don't accept pain Italians accept pain
	pain apprehension	-- tendency to avoid pain
	pain anxiety	worry about the significance of the pain -- Jews were really pain anxious while Americans were stoic
	ethnocentrism	Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own.
	cultural relativism	Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.
	cultural universals	A cultural universal is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. food, gender, language, religion, clothing, government, technology, family, health, reproduction. etc.....
	cultural inconsistencies	norms broke 1. subcultures: gay 2. external influence: deforestation 3. cultural lag: euthanasia
	social mirror hypothesis	a way to describe experience (kinda like reflection theory) simply reflects, doesn't shape our perceptions sexist culture -> sexist language
	social reinforcement hypothesis (Sapir-Worfe)	language not only reflects but shapes culture language-> culture
	Gender Differences in the English Language	gender in the English language SOCIAL MIRROR HYPO: to change culture we must change the laws and media
	Gender Differences in English Language Use	women use interrnation and speak properly men are competitive, interrupting, and insulting of each other
	Socialization (nurture)	--process of becoming competent citizens --passed down --socialization agents would include parents, peers, teachers, etc --we develop a sense of self --can't be achieved alone
	Biogenetic (nature)	development of unfolding of biological events IE walking and talking happens around the same time for every baby in the world
	Socialization contexts and agents: Kohn's study	parent occupation -> parental values -> parental behaviors punishment: white collar use psychological force while blue collar use physical AS A RESULT WHITE collar kids are more anxious and worrisome BLUE collar believe physical resolve is okay (aggression leads to aggression)
	socialization: functionalism	once socialized they want to ac in normative ways norms bcm part of your behavior
	socialization: conflict theory	dominant groups false conscience and prevents us from seeing our disadvantages so we don't challenge
	Symbolic interaction	thru interaction we learn about ourselves constructing shared reality eveyrtime you interact (create society) socialization is a process and not internalized CON: could break down bc of misinterpretation
	Goffman’s Dramaturgical Approach	off shoot of symbolic interaction impression managements cynical view (we are just trying to maximize ourselves)

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