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Class:SOC 2100 - Modern Soc Problems
Subject:Sociology
University:Western Michigan University
Term:Fall 2010
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Sociology, as defined in class, is scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups
A social problem was defined in class as an alleged situation that is incompatible with the values of a significant number of people who agree that action is needed to alter the situation
Social problems cause public controversy
Norms rules or expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members
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non-material culture language, customs, religion, rules, values and beliefs
Symbols anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
ethnocentrism judging another culture by one's own cultural standards
material culture artifacts people give meaning to
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Culture way of life including values about what is good and bad, beliefs about what is true and behaviors
folkway are any informal mores characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law.
During the early stages of the development of Sociology as a discipline, sociologists used terms from other disciplines to explain sociological concepts. True
According to deviant behavior perspective, the cause of social problems is inappropriate socialization. True
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The tough mode of social pathology thinks that people who contribute to social problems are sick. False
The cause of social problems, according to social pathologists, is the failure of socializing agents to teach moral norms to children. True
Contemporary social pathologists believe the solution to social problems is eugenics. False
Which of the following ideas about social problems did Samuel Smith believe based on his essay “The Organic Analogy”? social pathologists study social problems in order to “cure” them just like medical doctors study disease
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Sociological imagination was defined in class as the point of view that highlights how society affects the experiences we have and choices we make
An example of a problem in which no action is taken to change it and is therefore NOT defined by sociologists as a social problem is people waiting for long periods of time at the doctor's office
Early social pathologists saw _____ as the major condition that led to social problems while contemporary social pathologists regard _____as the major condition. individual maladjustments, social environment
Which of the following is NOT a step in the progress of social movements, as described in class? Communicate
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The solution to social problems advocated by both early and contemporary social pathologists is -----. moral education
----- and ----- can successfully make claims as to which issues or situations are defined to the public and important public officials as social problems. large groups of ordinary people, respected officials
----- is the process of convincing the public and important public officials that a particular issue or situation should be defined as a social problem. Claims making
The process by which we shape our reality, based on social interaction, is social constructionism
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The media plays an important role in the process of claims making, in both positive and negative ways, which of the following is an example of a negative way the media affects the claims making process of social problems? disproportionate coverage of a topic in relation to it's relevance/newsworthiness
Lombroso and Ferrero's essay on female criminals argued that there are "born criminals" who can be identified based on facial features
Definition of a social problem: alleged situation an issue talked about in the media and/or by the general public
Definition of a social problem: incompatible with values examples of this idea discussed during class were pollution, traffic jams and communism
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Definition of a social problem: significant number of people usually (but not always) defined by power, wealth and influence
Definition of a social problem: action is needed letters written to the editor, petitions circulated, rallies/marches, pass laws/regulations/ordinances, form organizations
the 6 stages of U.S. Sociological development with what happened during that time period. Establish a base: ministers' sons moved from rural to urban environments and began to see urbanism as the main source of social problems Form a scientific policy: ministers' sons moved from rural to urban environments and began to see urbanism as the main source of social problems Integrate theory, research and application:realized a scientific approach could both solve social problems and develop sociology as a science Cultivate specialities: development of theories/bodies of knowledge in different sociological fields Reemergence of macro theory: push towards a more European view of society's problems rather than the American view of society's problems
----- are norms for routine or causal interactions. Folkways
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Social disorganization perspective argues that problems in society are caused by migration, urbanization and industrialization. True
When people follow the rules of society but either do not receive the rewards promised or receive punishments, this is an example of which of social disorganization theory's definition of social problems? breakdown
According to value conflict perspective social problems are social conditions that are incompatible with the values of some group whose members succeed in publicizing a call for action
According to value conflict perspective social problems are social conditions that are incompatible with the values of some group whose members succeed in publicizing a call for action
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The major theorists, discussed in class, of social disorganization theory sought to explain why -----. people sometimes fail to obey the rules
Value conflict theorists believed sociologists should be more concerned with ----- than -----. service to society, scientific appearance
Social Disorganization Theory bring parts of society into sync with one another
Labeling Theory change definitions and take out the profit
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Value Conflict Theory consensus, trading or naked power
Deviant Behavior Theory resocialization
Deviant behavior perspective argues that deviant patterns of behavior are dependent on restricted opportunities for learning "conventional" ways, increased opportunities for learning deviant ways, restricted opportunities for achieving legitimate goals, feelings of stress and access to a deviant mode of relief. True
According to the critical perspective economic status is the most important social status. True
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Race, gender, money, social status, culture, deviance, sexuality and mental illness are all examples of socially constructed phenomena. True
A racialized social system refers to societies in which economic, political, social and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in radical categories. False
According to the Changing America Report, African Americans are more likely than any other group to live in toxic physical environments. True
Kitsuse and Spector are major theorists of the labeling perspective. False
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One of the examples used in class to explain social constructionist perspective was of the different between food bought from a store and food obtained through dumpster diving. True
The critical perspective is obtained through a Durkheimian viewpoint. False
Acting on discrimination is prejudice. False
In the film "The Gods Must Be Crazy" social problems were constructed around the many uses of the Coke bottle. True
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On the music analysis day, we listened to Billie Holiday's song, "Strange Fruit", and discovered the social problem was about child abuse. False
traditional racism obvious, overt behavior against racial minorities, such as physical assaults
laissez-faire racism persistent, negative stereotyping of minorities in the media, the tendency to blame minorities for the gap between their and the dominant groups' socioeconomic standing and occupational/educational achievement and the clear resistance to meaningful policy changes designed to get rid of oppressive social conditions/practices
aversive racism subtle, covert and non-obvious actions, such as avoiding interactions with someone of another race or ethnicity - common in our society today
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institutional racism negative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by society's existing institutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed group
color-blind racism when individuals prefer to ignore legitimate racial-ethnic, cultural and other differences and insists that the race problems of America will go away if race is ignore - race difference in America is an illusion and race is not real
Racial and ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in politics White privilege ideology makes the primary decisions on legislation political racialized social system
The disproportionate number of African Americans and Hispanics in poverty reflect the differences in educational attainment, unemployment and social/political influence. Wealth is directly related to access to superior health, education, and social and political influence. Thus, the fact that 24.7% of Blacks and 21.9% of Hispanics puts them at a disadvantage in society economic racialized social system
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Poor housing contributes to a number of adverse health and educational outcomes, especially with regards to African American children African Americans are more likely than any other group to live in toxic physical environments racialized social sphere racialized social sphere
A situation that develops out of the exploitation of the working class, is the definition of social problems according to which perspective? Critical
Which type of criminals are caught and punished the most? Street Criminals
In the film, "The Gods Must Be Crazy" which of the cultures were socially constructed? * the Communist rebels' culture * the city culture * the Bushmen's culture
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Race was defined in class as a socially constructed category based on some shared biological traits that society defines as important
Minorities are categories of people who share a distinctive identity and suffer disadvantages in society
____________ is the belief of the superiority of one race over another. Racism
Affirmative action is a program which emerged from the need to provide reparations to newly freed slaves after the Emancipation Proclamation.
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According to critical perspective, _______________ helps shape criminal laws, by controlling economic enterprises. the Haves
Critical perspective contends _____________ is the solution to social problems while social constructionist perspective believes the solution to social problems is _____________. political activism and found through research
As a society, we do not see White as a race, which leads us to not notice the particularity and influence of race or White influence on ideology. To what does the previous statement refer? White privilege as the norm
According to the film, "Intersexuality: Redefining Sex", currently the decision to make a child born with ambiguous genitalia into a girl is based on the Phallo-meter. This is an example of which of the following? the social construction of sex
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pluralism The state in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have about the same overall social standing.
assimilation The process by which minorities adopt the cultural patterns from the dominant majority population
de jure segregation The legally enforced physical separation of categories of people Informal, not legally enforced physical separation of categories of people.
genocide Systematic killing of one category of people by another
Generated by Koofers.com
Affirmative action is a type of reverse racism. It means admitting unqualified minorities instead of qualified White people. It is a quota system used to increase the number of minorities so companies and schools "look good". False
Location and exposure to toxic waste landfills is based on poverty, but the single most prevalent factor in determining exposure to toxic waste landfills is _________. Race
Sex is a rigidly defined category with no biological variants besides males and females with textbook perfect genitalia. false
There is a big difference in the amount of money the top 1% of the people in the U.S. have compared to those in the bottom 80%, which exemplifies the huge, growing class inequality evident within the U.S. true
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In the United States, if one works hard enough, one will be able to succeed in life, no matter what their social background is, because rags to riches experiences are the rule within the U.S. false, class will always keep you from reaching a higher class
Collective behavior represents the action of individuals, not groups of people. false, represents the actions of groups of people, not individuals
The majority of the poor are African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans. false, they're white
All people in the United States fit into the gender binary of male or female. False
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If the public regards homosexuality as immoral or wrong... it creates a hostile environment towards homosexuals that may result in most lesbians and gays staying "in the closet."
A population is... all the people living in a specified geographic area.
The crude birth rates is based on the entire population but... does not account for variance among different races, ages and marital statuses.
Poverty thresholds do not accurately measure a complete description of what people and families need to live.
Generated by Koofers.com
Welfare for poor mothers and their children... acknowledged that some people are victimized by economic circumstances beyond their control and deserve assistance
People who live in poverty are generally lazy people who do not want to work. false
Social change takes place... within a specific social and cultural context, thus giving it a "direction."
High-income nations present a greater threat to the environment than do low-income nations. true
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According to the film "Before Stonewall", the social stigma against homosexuality in the early 1900s was so severe that homosexuals could be committed to mental institutions and often committed suicide because of the social pressures against homosexuality. true
Upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth in the U.S.
Upper-Middle class A universal norm for class status, even though many people who call themselves this class have a weak hold on that position.
Middle Class The lifestyle that sets the standard to which many people aspire, although few are able to attain.
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Lower- Middle Class Includes people who work in the skilled trades, blue-collar workers, service workers and low-income bureaucratic workers
Lower Class Those with little formal education, which leads to less job chances and unemployment or lower wage jobs, and also includes a disproportionate number of people of color and women
Urban Under Class Those who have little or no opportunity for movement out of their class and who are the most vulnerable in society because of structural transformations in the economy
Sexism Belief in the superiority of one sex over the other
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Politics There are less women in law and business and women often work double duty.
Education Gendered fields, sports, “Man's world” - male professors, male authors
Mass Media Reinforcing gender stereotypes – books, T.V., music, advertising – shape the expectations society holds about how people should look, act and feel
Work Women face the "old boys network" as well as a wage gap and stereotypes of men and women that affect expectations
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Welfare queens are conniving women who have children to get governmental support so they do not have to work A lack of child care during workings hours makes it harder to get/keep jobs.
Welfare recipients use their welfare checks to buy things they do not need. People's expenses go up when they get off welfare, so while on welfare they may have more disposable income, which some mothers might use to buy treats for their children in an effort to be good mothers.
Welfare recipients do not want to work. Most welfare recipients face structural barriers, such as low wages, health care cost, and lack of daycare for children, all of which make it harder to keep jobs.
revolution The overthrow of a state or the total transformation of central state institutions
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cultural diffusion The transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
inequality The unequal treatment of some people over others based on race, gender, class, etc.
Population Demographic changes that can influence the nature of interpersonal relations in society
War and Terrorism An example of this cause of social change, can be seen in the U.S.'s victory over Japan and Germany in WWII.
Generated by Koofers.com
Gender socially constructed and culturally learned expectations and behaviors
Matriarchy female dominated social system
Gender Identity not necessarily based on biological sex assigned at birth, nor sexual orientation, and shapes our expectations for ourselves, our abilities and how we interact with others
Hegemonic Masculinity most socially endorsed form of male expression
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Patriarchy male dominated social system that is nearly universal throughout human history
Gender Stratification the unequal distribution of power, wealth and privilege between men and women in a society
Women can be in positions of power, while living in a patriarchy, as evidenced by.... men continue to hold the majority of key positions in politics
Rape is an expression of... power that uses sex to hurt, humiliate or control another.
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3 Factors that affect the rate of population growth, as discussed in class - Fertility - morality - migration
Race influences patterns of wealth distribution because the effects of wealth are intergenerational and providing equal opportunities will not address the difference in class statuses between groups
_________________, including possessing goods, access to education, income and access to particular jobs, are reflected in the quality of everyday life. Life chances
Radical movements work outside of social institutions to create broad-based, fundamental change in the basic institutions of society
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Personal transformation movements aim to change the individual rather than social change
Reactionary movements represent an organized backlash against societal values and societal changes that participants finds deeply objectionable
Social/political change movements aim to change some aspect of society
Reform movements work within existing institutions to seek social change through legal or other mainstream political means
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Discrimination against gays and lesbians in the U.S. A majority of Americans said they found homosexuality unacceptable, in 2007, which is the reason for the continual discrimination gays and lesbians face throughout society.
Rape Myths - Women are asking for sex when they wear sexy clothing, go to bars or parties by themselves, or talk to men at bars and parties. - Men can not be raped. - A man can not rape his wife. - Women often make false reports of rape. - If men are raped, the rapists are usually homosexuals.
One child born in the United States will have 2 to 280 times the environmentally destructive impact on the Earth's ecosystem, as a child born in Sweden, Kenya, or Haiti. True
Social movements often develop from the everyday concerns of __________________ who mobilize to address condition in their lives that they find unacceptable. Ordinary People
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Mores are any given society's particular norms, virtues or values.
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List View: Terms & Definitions

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 Sociology, as defined in class, is scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups
 A social problem was defined in class as an alleged situation that is incompatible with the values of a significant number of people who agree that action is needed to alter the situation
 Social problems cause public controversy
 Norms rules or expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members
 non-material culture language, customs, religion, rules, values and beliefs
 Symbolsanything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
 ethnocentrismjudging another culture by one's own cultural standards
 material cultureartifacts people give meaning to
 Cultureway of life including values about what is good and bad, beliefs about what is true and behaviors
 folkway are any informal mores characterized by being followed through imitation and mild social pressure but not strictly enforced or put into law.
 During the early stages of the development of Sociology as a discipline, sociologists used terms from other disciplines to explain sociological concepts. True
 According to deviant behavior perspective, the cause of social problems is inappropriate socialization. True
  The tough mode of social pathology thinks that people who contribute to social problems are sick. False
 The cause of social problems, according to social pathologists, is the failure of socializing agents to teach moral norms to children. True
 Contemporary social pathologists believe the solution to social problems is eugenics. False
 Which of the following ideas about social problems did Samuel Smith believe based on his essay “The Organic Analogy”? social pathologists study social problems in order to “cure” them just like medical doctors study disease
  Sociological imagination was defined in class as the point of view that highlights how society affects the experiences we have and choices we make
  An example of a problem in which no action is taken to change it and is therefore NOT defined by sociologists as a social problem is people waiting for long periods of time at the doctor's office
  Early social pathologists saw _____ as the major condition that led to social problems while contemporary social pathologists regard _____as the major condition. individual maladjustments, social environment
 Which of the following is NOT a step in the progress of social movements, as described in class? Communicate
 The solution to social problems advocated by both early and contemporary social pathologists is -----. moral education
  ----- and ----- can successfully make claims as to which issues or situations are defined to the public and important public officials as social problems. large groups of ordinary people, respected officials
  ----- is the process of convincing the public and important public officials that a particular issue or situation should be defined as a social problem. Claims making
 The process by which we shape our reality, based on social interaction, is social constructionism
 The media plays an important role in the process of claims making, in both positive and negative ways, which of the following is an example of a negative way the media affects the claims making process of social problems? disproportionate coverage of a topic in relation to it's relevance/newsworthiness
 Lombroso and Ferrero's essay on female criminals argued that there are "born criminals" who can be identified based on facial features
 Definition of a social problem: alleged situationan issue talked about in the media and/or by the general public
 Definition of a social problem: incompatible with valuesexamples of this idea discussed during class were pollution, traffic jams and communism
 Definition of a social problem: significant number of people usually (but not always) defined by power, wealth and influence
 Definition of a social problem: action is needed letters written to the editor, petitions circulated, rallies/marches, pass laws/regulations/ordinances, form organizations
 the 6 stages of U.S. Sociological development with what happened during that time period.Establish a base: ministers' sons moved from rural to urban environments and began to see urbanism as the main source of social problems

Form a scientific policy: ministers' sons moved from rural to urban environments and began to see urbanism as the main source of social problems

Integrate theory, research and application:realized a scientific approach could both solve social problems and develop sociology as a science

Cultivate specialities: development of theories/bodies of knowledge in different sociological fields

Reemergence of macro theory: push towards a more European view of society's problems rather than the American view of society's problems
 ----- are norms for routine or causal interactions. Folkways
 Social disorganization perspective argues that problems in society are caused by migration, urbanization and industrialization. True
  When people follow the rules of society but either do not receive the rewards promised or receive punishments, this is an example of which of social disorganization theory's definition of social problems? breakdown
 According to value conflict perspective social problems are social conditions that are incompatible with the values of some group whose members succeed in publicizing a call for action
 According to value conflict perspective social problems are social conditions that are incompatible with the values of some group whose members succeed in publicizing a call for action
 The major theorists, discussed in class, of social disorganization theory sought to explain why -----. people sometimes fail to obey the rules
 Value conflict theorists believed sociologists should be more concerned with ----- than -----. service to society, scientific appearance
 Social Disorganization Theorybring parts of society into sync with one another
 Labeling Theorychange definitions and take out the profit
 Value Conflict Theoryconsensus, trading or naked power
 Deviant Behavior Theoryresocialization
 Deviant behavior perspective argues that deviant patterns of behavior are dependent on restricted opportunities for learning "conventional" ways, increased opportunities for learning deviant ways, restricted opportunities for achieving legitimate goals, feelings of stress and access to a deviant mode of relief. True
  According to the critical perspective economic status is the most important social status. True
 Race, gender, money, social status, culture, deviance, sexuality and mental illness are all examples of socially constructed phenomena. True
 A racialized social system refers to societies in which economic, political, social and ideological levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in radical categories. False
  According to the Changing America Report, African Americans are more likely than any other group to live in toxic physical environments. True
 Kitsuse and Spector are major theorists of the labeling perspective. False
 One of the examples used in class to explain social constructionist perspective was of the different between food bought from a store and food obtained through dumpster diving. True
 The critical perspective is obtained through a Durkheimian viewpoint. False
 Acting on discrimination is prejudice. False
  In the film "The Gods Must Be Crazy" social problems were constructed around the many uses of the Coke bottle. True
  On the music analysis day, we listened to Billie Holiday's song, "Strange Fruit", and discovered the social problem was about child abuse. False
 traditional racism obvious, overt behavior against racial minorities, such as physical assaults
 laissez-faire racismpersistent, negative stereotyping of minorities in the media, the tendency to blame minorities for the gap between their and the dominant groups' socioeconomic standing and occupational/educational achievement and the clear resistance to meaningful policy changes designed to get rid of oppressive social conditions/practices
 aversive racism subtle, covert and non-obvious actions, such as avoiding interactions with someone of another race or ethnicity - common in our society today
 institutional racismnegative treatment and oppression of one racial or ethnic group by society's existing institutions based on the presumed inferiority of the oppressed group
 color-blind racismwhen individuals prefer to ignore legitimate racial-ethnic, cultural and other differences and insists that the race problems of America will go away if race is ignore - race difference in America is an illusion and race is not real
 Racial and ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in politics White privilege ideology makes the primary decisions on legislation political racialized social system
 The disproportionate number of African Americans and Hispanics in poverty reflect the differences in educational attainment, unemployment and social/political influence. Wealth is directly related to access to superior health, education, and social and political influence. Thus, the fact that 24.7% of Blacks and 21.9% of Hispanics puts them at a disadvantage in societyeconomic racialized social system
 Poor housing contributes to a number of adverse health and educational outcomes, especially with regards to African American children African Americans are more likely than any other group to live in toxic physical environments racialized social sphere racialized social sphere
 A situation that develops out of the exploitation of the working class, is the definition of social problems according to which perspective?Critical
 Which type of criminals are caught and punished the most? Street Criminals
 In the film, "The Gods Must Be Crazy" which of the cultures were socially constructed? * the Communist rebels' culture
* the city culture
* the Bushmen's culture
  Race was defined in class as a socially constructed category based on some shared biological traits that society defines as important
 Minorities are categories of people who share a distinctive identity and suffer disadvantages in society
  ____________ is the belief of the superiority of one race over another. Racism
 Affirmative action is a program which emerged from the need to provide reparations to newly freed slaves after the Emancipation Proclamation.
  According to critical perspective, _______________ helps shape criminal laws, by controlling economic enterprises. the Haves
 Critical perspective contends _____________ is the solution to social problems while social constructionist perspective believes the solution to social problems is _____________. political activism and found through research
 As a society, we do not see White as a race, which leads us to not notice the particularity and influence of race or White influence on ideology. To what does the previous statement refer? White privilege as the norm
 According to the film, "Intersexuality: Redefining Sex", currently the decision to make a child born with ambiguous genitalia into a girl is based on the Phallo-meter. This is an example of which of the following?the social construction of sex
 pluralism The state in which people of all racial and ethnic categories have about the same overall social standing.
 assimilationThe process by which minorities adopt the cultural patterns from the dominant majority population
 de jure segregationThe legally enforced physical separation of categories of people

Informal, not legally enforced physical separation of categories of people.
 genocideSystematic killing of one category of people by another
 Affirmative action is a type of reverse racism. It means admitting unqualified minorities instead of qualified White people. It is a quota system used to increase the number of minorities so companies and schools "look good". False
  Location and exposure to toxic waste landfills is based on poverty, but the single most prevalent factor in determining exposure to toxic waste landfills is _________. Race
  Sex is a rigidly defined category with no biological variants besides males and females with textbook perfect genitalia. false
 There is a big difference in the amount of money the top 1% of the people in the U.S. have compared to those in the bottom 80%, which exemplifies the huge, growing class inequality evident within the U.S. true
 In the United States, if one works hard enough, one will be able to succeed in life, no matter what their social background is, because rags to riches experiences are the rule within the U.S. false, class will always keep you from reaching a higher class
 Collective behavior represents the action of individuals, not groups of people. false, represents the actions of groups of people, not individuals
 The majority of the poor are African Americans, Latinos and Native Americans. false, they're white
 All people in the United States fit into the gender binary of male or female. False
 If the public regards homosexuality as immoral or wrong... it creates a hostile environment towards homosexuals that may result in most lesbians and gays staying "in the closet."
 A population is... all the people living in a specified geographic area.
 The crude birth rates is based on the entire population but... does not account for variance among different races, ages and marital statuses.
 Poverty thresholdsdo not accurately measure a complete description of what people and families need to live.
 Welfare for poor mothers and their children... acknowledged that some people are victimized by economic circumstances beyond their control and deserve assistance
 People who live in poverty are generally lazy people who do not want to work. false
 Social change takes place...within a specific social and cultural context, thus giving it a "direction."
 High-income nations present a greater threat to the environment than do low-income nations. true
 According to the film "Before Stonewall", the social stigma against homosexuality in the early 1900s was so severe that homosexuals could be committed to mental institutions and often committed suicide because of the social pressures against homosexuality. true
 Upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal
wealth in the U.S.
 Upper-Middle class A universal norm for class status, even though many people who call themselves this class have a weak hold on that position.
 Middle ClassThe lifestyle that sets the standard to which many people aspire, although few are able to attain.
 Lower- Middle ClassIncludes people who work in the skilled trades, blue-collar workers, service workers and low-income bureaucratic workers
 Lower ClassThose with little formal education, which leads to less job chances and unemployment or lower wage jobs, and also includes a disproportionate number of people of color and women
 Urban Under ClassThose who have little or no opportunity for movement out of their class and who are the most vulnerable in society because of structural transformations in the economy
 SexismBelief in the superiority of one sex over the other
 PoliticsThere are less women in law and business and women often work double duty.
 EducationGendered fields, sports, “Man's world” - male
professors, male authors
 Mass MediaReinforcing gender stereotypes – books,
T.V., music, advertising – shape the expectations society
holds about how people should look, act and feel
 WorkWomen face the "old boys network" as well as a wage gap and stereotypes of men and women that affect expectations
 Welfare queens are conniving women who have children to get governmental support so they do not have to work A lack of child care during workings hours makes it harder to get/keep jobs.
 Welfare recipients use their welfare checks to buy things they do not need. People's expenses go up when they get off welfare, so while on welfare they may have more disposable income, which some mothers might use to buy treats for their children in an effort to be good mothers.
 Welfare recipients do not want to work.Most welfare recipients face structural barriers, such as low wages, health care cost, and lack of daycare for children, all of which make it harder to keep jobs.
 revolutionThe overthrow of a state or the total transformation of central state institutions
  cultural diffusionThe transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
 inequalityThe unequal treatment of some people over others based on race, gender, class, etc.
 PopulationDemographic changes that can influence the nature of interpersonal relations in society
 War and TerrorismAn example of this cause of social change, can be seen in the U.S.'s victory over Japan and Germany in WWII.
 Gender socially constructed and culturally learned expectations and behaviors
 Matriarchyfemale dominated social system
 Gender Identitynot necessarily based on biological sex assigned at birth, nor sexual orientation, and shapes our expectations for ourselves, our abilities and how we interact with others
 Hegemonic Masculinity most socially endorsed form of male expression
 Patriarchy male dominated social system that is nearly universal throughout human history
 Gender Stratificationthe unequal distribution of power, wealth and privilege between men and women in a society
 Women can be in positions of power, while living in a patriarchy, as evidenced by....men continue to hold the majority of key positions in politics
 Rape is an expression of...power that uses sex to hurt, humiliate or control another.
 3 Factors that affect the rate of population growth, as discussed in class- Fertility
- morality
- migration
 Raceinfluences patterns of wealth distribution because the effects of wealth are intergenerational and providing equal opportunities will not address the difference in class statuses between groups
 _________________, including possessing goods, access to education, income and access to particular jobs, are reflected in the quality of everyday life. Life chances
 Radical movementswork outside of social institutions to create broad-based, fundamental change in the basic institutions of society
 Personal transformation movements aim to change the individual rather than social change
 Reactionary movements represent an organized backlash against societal values and societal changes that participants finds deeply objectionable
 Social/political change movementsaim to change some aspect of society
 Reform movementswork within existing institutions to seek social change through legal or other mainstream political means
 Discrimination against gays and lesbians in the U.S.A majority of Americans said they found homosexuality unacceptable, in 2007, which is the reason for the continual discrimination gays and lesbians face throughout society.
 Rape Myths- Women are asking for sex when they wear sexy clothing, go to bars or parties by themselves, or talk to men at bars and parties.
- Men can not be raped.
- A man can not rape his wife.
- Women often make false reports of rape.
- If men are raped, the rapists are usually homosexuals.
 One child born in the United States will have 2 to 280 times the environmentally destructive impact on the Earth's ecosystem, as a child born in Sweden, Kenya, or Haiti. True
 Social movements often develop from the everyday concerns of __________________ who mobilize to address condition in their lives that they find unacceptable. Ordinary People
 Moresare any given society's particular norms, virtues or values.
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