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Universities » West Virginia University (WVU) » SOCA - Sociology and Anthropolog.. » 101 - Introduction to Sociology » Flash Cards

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Class:SOCA 101 - Introduction to Sociology
Subject:Sociology and Anthropology
University:West Virginia University
Term:Unknown
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Sociological Imagination The intersection between individual lives & larger social influences. - A means for many eye opening experiences - If a few ppl are unemployed = personal problem (micro) - If unemployment is widesproad = public problem (macro)
Structural Functional Perspective The view that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society's survival.
Structural Functional Perspective Terms DYSFUNCTIONAL Social Patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society. When one part of society isn't working, it effects all of the others.
Structural Functional Perspective Terms MANIFEST Intended & recognzied. They are present and clearly evident.
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Structural Functional Perspective Terms LATENT Unintended and unrecognized. They are present, but not immediately obvious.
Symbolic Interactionism Society is the product of individuals interacting with eachother according tot heir own perceptions and attitudes. (How we interpret symbols)
Conflict Perspective Individuals compete for scarce resources such as power, money, prestige, control, etc.
Feminist Perspective Approach explaining social, economic, and political position of women in society with a view to freeing women from traditionally oppressive expectations, constraints, roles, and behavior. - Gender rather than intelligence and ability explain social interaction and lack of resources.
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Norms A society's specific rules of right and wrong behavior. - What we should, ought, and must do - Reflect values and are expectations shared by members of the society at large. Characteristics of a norm: 1) Unwritten 2)Instrumental 3)Explicit or Implicit 4) Change over Time 5) Conditional (Apply in specific situations)
Sanctions Rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior.
Ethnocentrism The belief that one's own culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. Positive Effect = Causes cultural pride and unity Negative Effect = Makes us look down on other cultures
Cultural Transmission The way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information.
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Subcultures A group of people whose distinctive ways of ttinking, feeling,a nd acting differ soemwhat from those of the larger society.
Counter Cultures A group or category of people who deliberately oppose and consciously reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture. - Usually emerge when people believe they cannot achieve their existing goals within the society.
Looking Glass Self A self image based on how we think others see us. Phase 1: perception - We imagine how others judge us Phase 2: Interpretation - We imagine how others judge us Phase 3: Response - We experience self feeligns based on what we regrard to be others' judgements of us (pos. or neg.)
Involuntary Resocialization Correctional Institutions - Being sent somewhere without a say i.e. Prison
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Voluntary Resocialization Patient seeks treatment i.e. Rehab, military, etc.
Resocialiation The process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior
Total Institution Places such as prison where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identity, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
Status A social position that a person occupies in society. i.e. - Secretary, Parent, Student, etc.
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Role The behavior associated with a given status.
Ascribed Status One that we are born with that cannot be chosen. i.e. Female
Achieved Status One that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily. i.e. Parent
Status Symbols Something that declares or shows ones status i.e. Uniform
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Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis A technique that examines social interaction as if occuring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the "audiences" with whom they interact. Front Stage - Actual performance takes place - PUBLIC Backstage - Concealed from the audience - PRIVATE
Nonverbal Communication Messages that are sent without using words
Reference Groups A collection of people who shape our behavior, attitudes, and values. - Rarely provide personal support & face-to-face interaction
Primary Groups A relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interactino over time "They are the emotional glue"
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Secondary Groups Large, formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a common goal. i.e. Ppl in this class or a political party
Ingroups People who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.
Outgroups People who are viewed and treated negatively because they have different views and beliefs from the ingroup.
Group Conformity Asch Research-Even when we know the group is wrong we agree with them because of pressure.(Line Perception Test) Milgrams Research-We will do almost anything to obey an authority figure. (Electric Scock Study) Zimbardo's Research-We conform to our given identities. (Prison experiment) Janis' Research - -> Groupthink - Tendency of ingroup members to conform without critically testing that results in a narrow view of an issue
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Deviance Behavior that violates expected rules or norms.
Stigma A negative label that devalues a person and changes his or her self-concept and social identity.
Sutherland's Differential Theory People learn deviance through interaction, especially with family and friends.
Labeling Theory Society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.
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Labeling Theory PRIMARY DEVIANCE Initial violated of a norm or law. (Minor offenses to Major offenses.)
Labeling Theory SECONDARY DEVIANCE A rule breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reactions of others. Example: Being labeled as a druggie could lead to addiction and doing more drugs.
Why Do we Punish Criminals? 1. We can rehabilitate them and make them better. 2. Societal Protection 3. Retribution - we must pay them back for what they've done
Social Mobility A person's ability to move or down the social heirarchy
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Social Mobility HORIZONTAL MOBILITY Moving from one position to another at the same class level. Example - Being a nurse and moving from the Oncology department to the Neurology department
Social Mobility VERTICAL MOBILITY Moving up or down the class hierarchy. Example - Nurse -> Doctor
Social Mobility INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITY Moving up or down over a lifetime.
Social Mobility INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY Moving up or down in relation to parents.
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Absolute Poverty Not having enough money to have basic needs of life
Relative Poverty Not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.
Homophobia The fear and hatred of homosexuality
Gender Roles The characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females
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Second Shift Daily duties at home done after a main job.
Feminism Want equality between genders
Prejudice ATTITUDE (positive or negative) toward people becuase of their group membership
Discrimination An ACT that treats people unequally or unfairly because of group membership
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Stereotype An oversimplified or exagerated generalization about a category of people.
Race A group of people who share physical characteristics such as skin color and facial features tht are passed on through reproduction
Ethnicity A set of people who identify with a common national origin
Assimilation Process of conforming to the dominant group and intermarrying with that culture
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Nuclear Family A form of family consiting of married aprents and their biological or adopted children (Most typical in Western Societies)
Extended Family A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles & aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents
Fictive Kin Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family.
Marriage Market A process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.
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Monogamy One person is married exclusively to another person
Polygamy A marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses
Endogamy Practice of selecting mates from within one's group
Exogamy The practice of selecting mates outside of one's group
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Romantic Love Sensual passion and affection tword someone
Cohabilitation An arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship
Domestic Partnership Civil unions (not allowed to get married)
Singlehood and Postponing Marriage 3 Reasons why people do this: 1. Singles enjoy independence 2. Worry about divorce 3. Sex is there anyway
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Divorce Legal dissolution of marriage - 41% of marriages end in divorce Why is divorce so much more common today: 1. Divorce is easier 2. Changing gender roles 3. marrying at an early age 4.Infidelity, conflict, communication problems, financial problems, substance abuse, and spousal abuse.
Remarriage 85% in our country remarry
Blended Families Caused by remarriage with kids from past marriages
Adoption Over 2 million in U.S. living in adopted families - 18,000 of those are foreign born
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Intimate Partner Violence 74% of the time women are the victim.
Battered Women Syndrome Women stay in a marriage after being abused and eventually snap and seriously injure their husbands
Child Abuse and neglect Occurs more often in younger children becuase they cannot tell and the abuser knows they won't get in trouble
Elder Abuse and neglect Most common in White women 80+ Happens because of: 1. shared residence 2. alcohol and drugs You can abuse them though: 1. Physical Abuse 2. Mental/Emotional Abuse 3.Financial Abuse
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Life Expectancy Males live to 75 years old Females live to 81 years old
Graying of America More and more people are living to be older and older
Activity Theory Many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities including work
Disengagement Theory Elderly people distance themselves as they get older
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Eduction has changed by: 1. Universit education has expanded 2. Community colleges have flourished 3. Public higher education has burgeoned 4. Student diversity has increased
Manfiest functions of education: 1. Schools are socialization agencies 2. ransmit knowledge and cultre 3. Cultural Integration 4. Cultural Innovation 5. Fosters a meritocracy
Latent Functions of Education 1.Provides child care 2.Matchmaking Institution 3. Decreases job competition 4. Creats social networks 5. Good for business
Tracking Assigning stuents to specific educatonal prgrams and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.
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Labeling We praise and give attention to smart kids and write off the less smart.
School funding Only 7% on of national budget is given to eduation States spend 3X as much on each prisoner then each student
Rumor Unfounded info that is spread quickly
Gossip Rumors, often negaive, about other people's personal life.
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 Sociological ImaginationThe intersection between individual lives & larger social influences. - A means for many eye opening experiences - If a few ppl are unemployed = personal problem (micro) - If unemployment is widesproad = public problem (macro)
 Structural Functional PerspectiveThe view that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society's survival.
 Structural Functional Perspective Terms DYSFUNCTIONALSocial Patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society. When one part of society isn't working, it effects all of the others.
 Structural Functional Perspective Terms MANIFESTIntended & recognzied. They are present and clearly evident.
 Structural Functional Perspective Terms LATENTUnintended and unrecognized. They are present, but not immediately obvious.
 Symbolic InteractionismSociety is the product of individuals interacting with eachother according tot heir own perceptions and attitudes. (How we interpret symbols)
 Conflict PerspectiveIndividuals compete for scarce resources such as power, money, prestige, control, etc.
 Feminist PerspectiveApproach explaining social, economic, and political position of women in society with a view to freeing women from traditionally oppressive expectations, constraints, roles, and behavior. - Gender rather than intelligence and ability explain social interaction and lack of resources.
 NormsA society's specific rules of right and wrong behavior. - What we should, ought, and must do - Reflect values and are expectations shared by members of the society at large. Characteristics of a norm: 1) Unwritten 2)Instrumental 3)Explicit or Implicit 4) Change over Time 5) Conditional (Apply in specific situations)
 SanctionsRewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior.
 EthnocentrismThe belief that one's own culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. Positive Effect = Causes cultural pride and unity Negative Effect = Makes us look down on other cultures
 Cultural TransmissionThe way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information.
 SubculturesA group of people whose distinctive ways of ttinking, feeling,a nd acting differ soemwhat from those of the larger society.
 Counter CulturesA group or category of people who deliberately oppose and consciously reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture. - Usually emerge when people believe they cannot achieve their existing goals within the society.
 Looking Glass SelfA self image based on how we think others see us. Phase 1: perception - We imagine how others judge us Phase 2: Interpretation - We imagine how others judge us Phase 3: Response - We experience self feeligns based on what we regrard to be others' judgements of us (pos. or neg.)
 Involuntary ResocializationCorrectional Institutions - Being sent somewhere without a say i.e. Prison
 Voluntary ResocializationPatient seeks treatment i.e. Rehab, military, etc.
 ResocialiationThe process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior
 Total InstitutionPlaces such as prison where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identity, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
 StatusA social position that a person occupies in society. i.e. - Secretary, Parent, Student, etc.
 RoleThe behavior associated with a given status.
 Ascribed StatusOne that we are born with that cannot be chosen. i.e. Female
 Achieved StatusOne that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily. i.e. Parent
 Status SymbolsSomething that declares or shows ones status i.e. Uniform
 Goffman's Dramaturgical AnalysisA technique that examines social interaction as if occuring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the "audiences" with whom they interact. Front Stage - Actual performance takes place - PUBLIC Backstage - Concealed from the audience - PRIVATE
 Nonverbal CommunicationMessages that are sent without using words
 Reference GroupsA collection of people who shape our behavior, attitudes, and values. - Rarely provide personal support & face-to-face interaction
 Primary GroupsA relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interactino over time "They are the emotional glue"
 Secondary GroupsLarge, formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a common goal. i.e. Ppl in this class or a political party
 IngroupsPeople who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.
 OutgroupsPeople who are viewed and treated negatively because they have different views and beliefs from the ingroup.
 Group ConformityAsch Research-Even when we know the group is wrong we agree with them because of pressure.(Line Perception Test) Milgrams Research-We will do almost anything to obey an authority figure. (Electric Scock Study) Zimbardo's Research-We conform to our given identities. (Prison experiment) Janis' Research - -> Groupthink - Tendency of ingroup members to conform without critically testing that results in a narrow view of an issue
 DevianceBehavior that violates expected rules or norms.
 StigmaA negative label that devalues a person and changes his or her self-concept and social identity.
 Sutherland's Differential TheoryPeople learn deviance through interaction, especially with family and friends.
 Labeling TheorySociety's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.
 Labeling Theory PRIMARY DEVIANCEInitial violated of a norm or law. (Minor offenses to Major offenses.)
 Labeling Theory SECONDARY DEVIANCEA rule breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reactions of others. Example: Being labeled as a druggie could lead to addiction and doing more drugs.
 Why Do we Punish Criminals?1. We can rehabilitate them and make them better. 2. Societal Protection 3. Retribution - we must pay them back for what they've done
 Social MobilityA person's ability to move or down the social heirarchy
 Social Mobility HORIZONTAL MOBILITYMoving from one position to another at the same class level. Example - Being a nurse and moving from the Oncology department to the Neurology department
 Social Mobility VERTICAL MOBILITYMoving up or down the class hierarchy. Example - Nurse -> Doctor
 Social Mobility INTRAGENERATIONAL MOBILITYMoving up or down over a lifetime.
 Social Mobility INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITYMoving up or down in relation to parents.
 Absolute PovertyNot having enough money to have basic needs of life
 Relative PovertyNot having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.
 HomophobiaThe fear and hatred of homosexuality
 Gender RolesThe characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females
 Second ShiftDaily duties at home done after a main job.
 FeminismWant equality between genders
 PrejudiceATTITUDE (positive or negative) toward people becuase of their group membership
 DiscriminationAn ACT that treats people unequally or unfairly because of group membership
 StereotypeAn oversimplified or exagerated generalization about a category of people.
 RaceA group of people who share physical characteristics such as skin color and facial features tht are passed on through reproduction
 EthnicityA set of people who identify with a common national origin
 AssimilationProcess of conforming to the dominant group and intermarrying with that culture
 Nuclear FamilyA form of family consiting of married aprents and their biological or adopted children (Most typical in Western Societies)
 Extended FamilyA family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles & aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents
 Fictive KinNonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family.
 Marriage MarketA process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.
 MonogamyOne person is married exclusively to another person
 PolygamyA marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses
 EndogamyPractice of selecting mates from within one's group
 ExogamyThe practice of selecting mates outside of one's group
 Romantic LoveSensual passion and affection tword someone
 CohabilitationAn arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship
 Domestic PartnershipCivil unions (not allowed to get married)
 Singlehood and Postponing Marriage3 Reasons why people do this: 1. Singles enjoy independence 2. Worry about divorce 3. Sex is there anyway
 DivorceLegal dissolution of marriage - 41% of marriages end in divorce Why is divorce so much more common today: 1. Divorce is easier 2. Changing gender roles 3. marrying at an early age 4.Infidelity, conflict, communication problems, financial problems, substance abuse, and spousal abuse.
 Remarriage85% in our country remarry
 Blended FamiliesCaused by remarriage with kids from past marriages
 AdoptionOver 2 million in U.S. living in adopted families - 18,000 of those are foreign born
 Intimate Partner Violence74% of the time women are the victim.
 Battered Women SyndromeWomen stay in a marriage after being abused and eventually snap and seriously injure their husbands
 Child Abuse and neglectOccurs more often in younger children becuase they cannot tell and the abuser knows they won't get in trouble
 Elder Abuse and neglectMost common in White women 80+ Happens because of: 1. shared residence 2. alcohol and drugs You can abuse them though: 1. Physical Abuse 2. Mental/Emotional Abuse 3.Financial Abuse
 Life ExpectancyMales live to 75 years old Females live to 81 years old
 Graying of AmericaMore and more people are living to be older and older
 Activity TheoryMany older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities including work
 Disengagement TheoryElderly people distance themselves as they get older
 Eduction has changed by:1. Universit education has expanded 2. Community colleges have flourished 3. Public higher education has burgeoned 4. Student diversity has increased
 Manfiest functions of education:1. Schools are socialization agencies 2. ransmit knowledge and cultre 3. Cultural Integration 4. Cultural Innovation 5. Fosters a meritocracy
 Latent Functions of Education1.Provides child care 2.Matchmaking Institution 3. Decreases job competition 4. Creats social networks 5. Good for business
 TrackingAssigning stuents to specific educatonal prgrams and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.
 LabelingWe praise and give attention to smart kids and write off the less smart.
 School fundingOnly 7% on of national budget is given to eduation States spend 3X as much on each prisoner then each student
 RumorUnfounded info that is spread quickly
 GossipRumors, often negaive, about other people's personal life.
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