INCORRECT
CORRECT
+0
Karma
Koofers
Working...
Final Study Guide - Flashcards
Flashcard Deck Information
| Class: | ZOO 250 - ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE I |
| Subject: | Zoology |
| University: | Southeastern Louisiana University |
| Term: | Spring 2011 |
- of -
-
INCORRECT
-
CORRECT
-
SKIPPED
Hide Keyboard shortcuts
Next card
Previous card
Mark correct
Mark incorrect
Flip card
Start Over
Shuffle
Mode:
CARDS
LIST
? pages
PRINT
PRINT
|
Anatomy
|
Study of form |
|
examining the structure of the human body
|
|
|
Physiology
|
study of function |
|
Hippocrates
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Aristotle
|
|
|
Galen
|
|
|
Avicenna Meimonides
|
|
|
Versallus
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Hooke
|
|
|
Leeuwenhook
|
|
|
Schwann/Schledin
|
|
|
Charles Darwin
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
evolutions
|
|
|
theory of natural selection
|
|
|
Vestigal Organs
|
|
|
Arboreal adaptations
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Bipedalism
|
|
|
Atom-molecule-macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organsystem-organism
|
Hierarchy of complexity |
|
chemical elements (95% of body weight)
|
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium & phosphorous |
|
Minerals (4% body weight)
|
Calcium, Phosphorous, Chlorine, Mg, K, Na, I Fe, Zn, Cu & S |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Electrolytes
|
needed for nerve & muscles functions are mineral salts |
|
Radioactity
|
Isotopes |
|
Isotopes
|
|
|
molecules
|
2 or more atoms united by a chemical bond |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Chemical Reaction
|
|
|
Decomposition Reactions
|
|
|
synthesis
|
Small to big a + b > ab |
|
Metabolism
|
All the chemical reactions of the body
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Catabolism
|
Energy releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions |
|
Anabolism
|
Energy storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions
|
|
Organic Macromolecules
|
Carbohydrates lipids protein nucleic acid |
|
Squamous Cells
|
thin, flat , and often have a bulge where the nucleus is much like the shape of a fried egg |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Polygonal cells
|
irregularly angular shaped with four, five, or more sides |
|
Stellate cell
|
nerve cells that have multiple extensions that give them a starlike shape |
|
Cuboidal Cells
|
squarish and approximately as tall as they are wide |
|
Columnar Cells
|
line the intestines and are markedly taller than wide liver cells are good example |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Spheroid
|
egg cells and fat cells round to ovale |
|
Fibrous
|
Skeletal muscle cells
|
|
10 - 15 micrometers in diameter
|
human cell size |
|
100 micrometer in diameter
|
egg cells |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
1 meter long
|
nerve cells |
|
Major constituents of cell
|
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
made of proteins and lipids |
|
Cytosol
|
intercellular fluid |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Diffusion
|
|
|
temp, molecular weight, steepness of gradient, membrane surface area, membrane permeability
|
factors that affect the diffusion rate |
|
Temperature
|
increase temp increase the motion |
|
molecular weight
|
larger molecules move slower |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
steepness of gradient
|
increase the difference and increase the rate |
|
membrane surface area
|
increase the area increase the rate |
|
membrane permeability
|
increase the permeability and increase the rate |
|
osmosis
|
flow of water from side w/ higher water concentration to the side with lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
hypotonic environment
|
environment has less concentration of solute cell swells and may burst (lyse) |
|
hypertonic environment
|
environment has more concentration of solute cell may shrink and shrivel (crenate) |
|
Isotonic solution
|
everything equals inside and outside environments no change in shape nor size |
|
Active transport
|
carrier-mediated trasport of solute through a membrane up (against) its concentration gradient ATP energy is consumed examples: sodium potassium pump keeps K+ concentration higher inside the cell |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
sodium potassium pump
(ICF, ECF)
|
consumes one ATP and exchanges three Na+ for 2 K+ K+ is higher in Na+ is higher in |
|
Vescular Transport
|
processes that move particles through the membrane in vesicles |
|
Endocytosis
|
vesicular processes that bring material into the cell phagoyctosis pinocytosis receptor |
|
Phagoctosis
|
cell eating (white blood cells) |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Pinocytosis
|
cell drinking |
|
Receptor
|
mediated endocytosis----particle bind to specific receptor on plasma membrane |
|
Exocytosis
|
discharging material from the cell example: discharge of insulin |
|
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Neutrophil Phagocytosis
|
5 different types white blood cells |
|
Integuma system
|
protection skin, hair, naile |
|
Skeletal System
|
structure, support |
|
muscular system
|
movement |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
lymphatic system
|
lymph nodes, tonsils, speed, thymus lympthatic organs are dominated by WBCs |
|
Respiratory System
|
Cellular respiration |
|
urinary system
|
removing wastes/ regulates blood pressure |
|
nervous system
|
sensory & internal communication |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
endocrine system
|
hormones |
|
circulatory system
|
blood flow, distribution of nutrients heart and blood vessels blue blood until it reaches the lungs ; further from heart darker blood |
|
Digestive system
|
nutrients breakdown and absorption metabolism and disposal and cleansing of blood |
|
reproductive system
|
dont need this to live |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
anatomical position
|
standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissections palms are supinated (face foward) |
|
Sagittal Plane
|
right and left regions median (midsagittal) plane |
|
Frontal Plane
|
anterior (front) and Posterior (back) portions |
|
transverse Plane
|
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
ventral/ dorsal
|
going toward front/back |
|
superior/inferior
|
above/below |
|
proximal/distal
|
close to pt attachment/ far |
|
medial/lateral
|
toward inside/ outside |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
superficial/deep
|
close to surface/ far |
|
homeostasis
|
body's ability to detect change and activate mechanisms that oppose it. |
|
negative feedback
|
keeps variable close to the set point example thermoregulation |
|
positive feedback
|
leads to greater change in the same directions example: child birth |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Epithelium Tissue
|
|
|
simple epithelia
|
all cells touch basement membrane can be: simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified |
|
stratified epithelia
|
not all cell touch basement membrane; multiple layers 2 to 20 or more layers of cells can be: stratified squamous stratified cuboidal stratified columnar transitional epithelium |
|
simple squamous
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
simple cuboidal
|
|
|
simple columnar
|
|
|
Psudostratified
|
|
|
goblet cells
|
mucus secreting cells |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
stratified squamous
|
keratinized and non karatinized |
|
keratinized
|
|
|
nonkeratinized
|
|
|
stratified cuboidal
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
transitional epithelium
|
change from round to flat when stretched example: ureter and bladder |
|
connective tissue
|
four types: fibrous, loose, dense, supportive |
|
fibrous CT
|
cells (fibroblast, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes) fibers (collagenous, reticular, elastic) |
|
Macrophages
|
fibrous cells able to phagocytise |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Leukocytes
|
fibrous white blood cells immune protection |
|
Plasma Cells
|
fibrous CT cell that secretes antibodies |
|
Mast Cell
|
fibrous CT cell secret heparin and histamine |
|
heparin
|
blood doesnt clot |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
histamine
|
widen blood vessels |
|
adipocytes
|
fibrous ct fat cells store lipids |
|
collagenous fibers
|
cant stretch |
|
reticular fibers
|
coated with glycoprotein |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
elastic fibers
|
very stretchable |
|
Loose CT
|
Areolar tissue reticular tissue adipose tissue |
|
areolar tissue
|
all cell types present, mostly collagenus fibers underlies all epithelia, in serous membrane, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
|
reticular tissue
|
mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
adipose tissue
|
energy storage, insulation, cushioning areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries between cells |
|
Dense CT
|
Dense regular and Dense irregular |
|
Dense regular
|
all fibers running parallel tendons and ligaments |
|
tendons
|
muscle to bone most important to stabilizing joing |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
ligaments
|
bone to bone |
|
dense irregular
|
deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs |
|
supportive CT
|
cartilage
|
|
hyaline cartilage
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
elastic cartilage
|
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
|
|
fluid CT
|
blood |
|
blood
|
plasma forms : erythrocytes, leukocyte, and platelets |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
erythrocytes
|
|
|
leukocytes
|
|
|
Platelets
|
|
|
muscular and nervous
|
excitable tissues |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
nervous tissue
|
|
|
neurosoma
|
cell body |
|
dendrites
|
|
|
axon
|
nerve fiber
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
muscular tissue
|
three types
|
|
skeletal muscle
|
|
|
cardiac muscle
|
|
|
smooth muscles
|
example: labor |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
endocrine Glands
|
lose contact with surface
|
|
exocrine glands
|
maintain contact with body surface by way of a duct type:
|
|
serous glands
|
produce thin, watery secretions type of exocrine gland |
|
mucous glands
|
found on tongue and roof of mouth type of exocrine glands |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
mixed glands
|
both serous and mucous glands |
|
cytogenic glands
|
release whole cells sperm and egg cells |
|
methods of secretion
|
merocrine glands apocrine glands holocrine glands |
|
merocrine glands
|
vesicles release secretion by exocytosis
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
apocrine glands
|
merocrine mode of secretion
|
|
holocrine gland
|
cells accumulate a product and the entire cell disintegrates
|
|
epidermis
|
karatinized stratified squamous 5 layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
|
|
stratum corneum
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
stratum lucidum
|
|
|
stratum granulosum
|
3-5 layers thick keratohyalin granule
|
|
stratum spinosum
|
thickest in most skin produces keratin filaments 8-10 cells thick |
|
stratum basale
|
one cell layer thick stem cells divide keratinocytes melanocytes----melanin tactile (merkel) cells----touch receptor cells |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
dermis
|
|
|
malignant melanoma
|
|
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
most common arises from cells in stratum basal |
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
papillary layer
|
|
|
reticular layer
|
|
|
hypodermis
|
|
|
cyanosis
|
deficiency of oxygen in blood cold weather, airway abstruction |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
erythema
|
dilated cutaneous vessels hot weather, exercise, anger |
|
pallor
|
little blood flow through the skin low blood pressure, anemic, circulatory shock |
|
albinism
|
genetic lack of melanin |
|
jaundice
|
excess of bilirubin in blood yellowing of skin, eye |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
hematoma
|
mass of clotted blood bruise, hicky |
|
flat
|
curly hair shape |
|
round
|
straight hair shape |
|
red hair
|
more phamelanin than eumalanin |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
black hair
|
high concentration of eumalanin |
|
blonde hair
|
very little eumalanin more phamelanin |
|
grey
|
absence of melanin cortex become hollowed out |
|
debridement
|
removal of eschar |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
1st degree burn
|
havent gone through the skin |
|
2nd degree burn
|
gone throught the dermis |
|
3rd degree burn
|
need skin graphs burn through the dermis and epidermis down to bone |
|
functions of the skin
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
resistance to trauma and infection
|
keratin acid mantle |
|
other barrier functions
|
waterproofing UV radiation harmful chemicals |
|
Vitamin D synthesis
|
skin first step liver and kidneys complete process |
|
sensation
|
skin is our most extensive sense organ |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
thermoregulation
|
thermoreceptors vasoconstriction/ vasodilation |
|
nonverbal communication
|
acne, birthmark, or scar |
|
Transdermal absorption
|
administration of certain drugs steadily through this skin----adhesive patches |
|
Long, short, flat, irregular
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
Long bone
|
rigid levers acted upon by muscle (femur and ulna) structure:
|
|
periosteum
|
outer layer of long bone |
|
endosteum
|
inner layer of long bone cells that can deposit or breakdown |
|
nutrient foramina
|
blood vessels are allowed to penetrate the bones |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
epiphyses
|
large end of long bone |
|
diaphysis
|
shaft of long bone |
|
epiphysial line
|
seperates piphyses from diaphysis in adults |
|
compact
|
surface of all bones |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
spongy
|
in the ends of long bones |
|
marrow cavity
|
in the middle and contains the marrow |
|
short bones
|
glide across one another in multiple directions carpals and tarsals |
|
flat bones
|
protect soft organs scapula, sternum, cranial, ribs |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
irregular bones
|
skull bones vertebrate, sphenoid, ethnoid |
|
bone marrow
|
red----- myeloid tissue (child) yellow----(adults) |
|
four principle types of bone cells
|
osteogenic cell osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclast |
|
osteogenic cell
|
give rise to osteoblast stem cell |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
osteoblast
|
buil start producing matrix to form bone becomes trapped in matrix and becomes osteocytes |
|
osteocytes
|
mature bone cell |
|
osteoclast
|
catastrophe same stem cell as blood develops from stem cells from a different origin surface of bone bone dissolving cells |
|
compact bone
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
spongy bone
|
|
|
osteogenesis
|
in the human fetus and infant, bone develops by two methods: intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification |
|
interstitial growth
|
part of bone growth bones increase in length |
|
appositional growth
|
the deposition of new bone at the surface |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
bone remodeling
|
occurs throughout life 10% per year |
|
Achondroplastic dwarfism
|
failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis |
|
pituitary dwarfism
|
lack of growth hormone |
|
calcium homeostasis
|
is regulated by three hormones: calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
hypocalcemia
|
blood calcium deficiency Na enters cells to easily and excites muscle spasms, tenisis |
|
hypercalcemia
|
blood calcium excess Na channels less responsive, nerve and muscular tissue depress and slugish very rare |
|
calcitriol
|
|
|
calcitonin
|
decreases blood calcium back to normal produced by the thyroid gland |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
parathyroid hormone secretion
|
correction for hypocalcemia
|
|
stress fracture
|
abnormal trauma to a bone |
|
pathological fracture
|
weakend by disease |
|
nondisplaced
|
cracked but bones still aligned |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
displaced
|
bones are not aligned completely broken |
|
comminuted
|
bones broken in 3 or more places |
|
greenstick
|
incomplete fractured causing stress on another bone |
|
closed treatment
|
no surgery |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
opened treatment
|
plates screws to fix |
|
boney joints
|
|
|
fibrous joints
|
adjacent bones are bounded by collagen fibers three kind:
|
|
sutures
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
serrate suture
|
interlocking wavy lines, coronoid, sagittal, squamous, lamnoid |
|
lap suture
|
miter joint temporal and squamous |
|
plane suture
|
butt joint palatine bone |
|
gomphoses
|
attaches tooth to socket |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
syndesmoses
|
bound by longer collagen fibers most movable (between radius and ulna) least movable (tibia to fibula) |
|
Cartilaginous joints
|
two bones linked by cartilage synchondroses and symphysis first ribs attached |
|
synchondroses
|
hyaline cartilage |
|
symphysis
|
fibrocartilage between the vertebrate |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
synovial joints
|
|
|
bursa-synovial fluid filled sac
|
between adjacent muscle and help cushion muscle |
|
tendon sheath
|
cylindrical covers tendon |
|
ball and socket
|
head in a cop hip and shoulder (only one) multiaxial |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
condylar
|
one bone has a compact surface fits into a compression on the other side radial and carpals, phalanges and metacarpals bioxial joint |
|
saddle joint
|
both bones have depression that fit each other
bioxial |
|
plane joints
|
gliding joints both have a flat surface
bioxial |
|
hidge joints
|
one bone has a compact surface and fits into a depresion
monoxial |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
pivet joint
|
radius and ulna occipital monoxial |
|
zero position
|
position of a joint when in standard anatomical position |
|
flexion
|
decreses joint angle |
|
extension
|
return joint to zero |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
hyperextensions
|
increase joint angle beyond zero position |
|
abduction
|
movement away from midline of body |
|
adduction
|
movement towards midline of body |
|
elevation
|
movement that raises the body vertically |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
depression
|
lowers the body vertically |
|
protraction
|
anterior movement of body |
|
retraction
|
posterior movement of body |
|
circumduction
|
one end stays stationary and other makes a circular motion |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
shoulder
|
|
|
elbow
|
|
|
hip coxal joint
|
|
|
knee joint
|
tibofemoral joint-----hidge joint patellorfemoral joint------gliding |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
orbicularis oculi
|
o---eyelids i---eyelids |
|
orbicularis oris
|
o & i----lip |
|
sternocleidomastoid
|
flex neck o----clavicle i-----mastoid process |
|
proteins that make up skeletal muscle
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
contractile
|
myosin and actin |
|
regulatory proteins
|
tropomyosin and troponin |
|
accessory proteins
|
dystrophin |
|
thick myofilament
|
myosin molecule |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
elastic myofilament
|
titin- anchors thick to z disc |
|
tropomyosin
|
blocks active sites |
|
troponin
|
calcium-binding protein |
|
denervation atrophy
|
shrinkage of paralyzed muscle |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
somatic motor neurons
|
each fiber only has one neuron but one neuron can be connected to many fibers |
|
motor unit
|
one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated |
|
muscle fibers of one motor unit
|
|
|
average motor unit
|
200 muscle fibers/neuron |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
small motor units
|
3-6 muscle fibert/ neuron hands and eyes |
|
large motor units
|
1000 muscle fibers per/neuron more strength than control calf muscles |
|
neuromuscular junction
|
has a synapse, and synaptic knob when target cell is a muscle |
|
synapse
|
where cell meets target cell |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
schwann cell
|
separates nerve cell from myeline tissue |
|
synaptic knob
|
where it connects to target cell contains synaptic vesicles |
|
neuromuscular toxins
|
|
|
cholinesterase inhibitors
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
tetanus
|
|
|
flaccid paralysis
|
curare compete with Ach for receptor sites, but do not stimulate the muscle plant poison |
|
botulism
|
clostridium botulinum blocks release of Ach causing flaccid paralysis botox cosmetic |
|
muscle metabolism
|
ATP supply depends on availability of oxygen and organic energy sources anaerobi fermentation aerobic respiration |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
anaerobic fermentation
|
|
|
aerobic respiration
|
ends with CO2 and water 32-36 molecules of atp |
|
immediate energy need
|
oxygen supplied by myoglobin phosphagen system
|
|
short-term
|
shift to anaerobic fementaion 30-40 second of max activity |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
long term
|
after 40 sec. respiratory and cardiovascular system " catch up" delivers O2 fast enough for aerobic respiratory to meet ATP demands 36 ATP per glucose |
|
muscle fatigue
|
progressive weakness and loss of contractily
|
|
endocrine system
|
chemical messangers that are secreted in the blood |
|
nervous system
|
2 divisions
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
CNS
|
brain and spinal cord |
|
PNS
|
sensory division motor division |
|
sensory division of PNS
|
carry sensory signals to CNS Visceral ----internal organs of the body Somatic---- going to skeletal muscles |
|
motor division of PNS
|
issusing signals out to muscle and glands to cause reaction visceral--- sympathetic and parasympathetic somatic |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
sympathetic division of PNS
|
arouse body reaction increase heart rate and increase respiration |
|
Parasympathetic
|
calming affect decrease heart rate and respiration |
|
functional classes of nuerons
|
sensory(afferent-towards cns) interneurons (confined to CNS) motor (efferent-leaving CNS) |
|
soma
|
control center of a neuron |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
dendrites
|
recieving signals from other neurons |
|
axon
|
signal next cell in sequence schwann cell and synaptic knob |
|
neuroglial cell of CNS
|
have more than neurons (50:1) protect and assist neurons 6 types:
|
|
astrocytes
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
ependymal cell
|
secrets cerebrospinal fluid |
|
microglia
|
wondering cells that macrophages |
|
oligodendrocytes
|
create the myelin sheath |
|
schwann cells
|
produces myelin sheath ins PNS regeneration |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
satellite cells
|
electrical insulation for nerve regulate the chemical environment |
|
myelination/conduction
|
|
|
local potentials
|
|
|
action potential
|
|
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
trigger zone
|
when the local potential reaches this causes the numerous of sodium gate to open causing action potential |
|
threshold
|
-55mV must reach in order to ope the ion gate to have the action potential |
|
neurotrasmitters
|
acetylcholin amino acids monoamines neuropeptides |
|
amino acids
|
gaba glycine aspartic acid glutamic acid |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
monoamines
|
epinephrine neorepineprine dopamine serotinine histamine |
|
neuropeptides
|
cause foor cravings |
|
excitatory postsynaptic potential
|
glutamate and asparate excites the neuron making neuron more likely to fire therfore making it more positive |
|
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
|
glycine and GABA any voltage change away from the threshold and make neuron less likely to follow |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
acetylcholine and norepinephrine
|
act differently depending on the receptors |
|
summations
|
adding up all postsynaptic potentials and responding temporal and spatial |
|
temporal summation
|
happens when you have intense stimulation by one presynaptic neuron setting of the post synaptic neuron |
|
spatial summation
|
numerous presynaptic neurons simultaneously setting off the postsynaptic neuron |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
synaptic plasticity
|
ability of a synapses to change |
|
synaptic potentiation
|
process of making transmission easier along those pathways |
|
immediate memory
|
ability to hold something in your thoughts for a few minutes echos |
|
short term
|
few second to several hours can be quickly forgotten if distracted reasons: titanic stimulation and post-tenanic potentiation |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
titanic stimulation
|
rapid arrival of repetitive causes calcium to accumulate which causes the release of the neuron transmitters, causing the postsynaptic neuron to fire |
|
post-tenanic potentiation
|
ability to jog your memory cause calcium stays elevating the the synaptic knobs so little stimulation needed to jog |
|
long-term memory
|
completely change the synapses, new branching of axons and dendrites |
|
medulla oblongata
|
part of brainstem cortiocospinal tract, inferior olivary nucleus, reticular formation |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
pons
|
ascending sensory tract descending motor tracts pathways in and out of cerebellum reticular formation(sleep, respiration, and posture) |
|
midbrain
|
tectum, tegmentum and substantia nigra |
|
tectum
|
superior colliculi---visual inferior colliculi----signals from inner ear to thalamus |
|
tegmentum
|
connections go to and from cerebellum |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
substantia nigra
|
sends inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei parkinsons when this is absent |
|
thalamus
|
gateway to cerebral cortex motor control memory and emotional functions of the limbic system |
|
hypothalamus
|
mammillary nuclei pitutary gland (hormone secretion, autonomic effect, thermoregulations, food and water intake, rhythm of sleep and waking, memory, emotional behavior) |
|
cerebrum
|
frontal---voluntary function parietal----general sensory occipital----vision temporal--- hearing, smell, learning, memory, some education Insula----understanding spoken language |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
cerebullum
|
inferior peduncle---medula oblonngata middle peduncle---- pons superior peducle----- midbrain (monitors muscles, evaluation of sensory, timekeeping, hearing, planning and scheduling task) |
|
grey matter
|
neural integration cerebral cortex basal nuclei (motor control) limbic |
|
white matter
|
projection tract commisural tract association tract |
|
ventricle
|
produces cerebral spinal fluid each ventricle contains a choroid plaxu |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
choroid plexus contains epandymal cells containing this bouyancy, protection, chemical stability |
|
brain barrier system
|
protects blood capullaries (astrocytes) |
Generated by
Koofers.com
Koofers.com
List View: Terms & Definitions
© Copyright 2012 , Koofers, Inc. All rights reserved.
The information provided on this site is protected by U.S. and International copyright law, and other applicable intellectual property laws, including laws covering data access and data compilations. This information is provided exclusively for the personal and academic use of students, instructors and other university personnel. Use of this information for any commercial purpose, or by any commercial entity, is expressly prohibited. This information may not, under any circumstances, be copied, modified, reused, or incorporated into any derivative works or compilations, without the prior written approval of Koofers, Inc.