Sample Test with Answers for Career Development | COUN 512, Exams of Human Resource Management

Download Sample Test with Answers for Career Development | COUN 512 and more Exams Human Resource Management in PDF only on Docsity! COUN 512: Career Development Sample Test Items w/ Correct Answers Chapter 1 1. At the core of their role, career development practitioners focus on helping people to consider how they will A. develop and use their talents. B. identify available jobs in a complex society. C. maximize their earning potential. D. land the perfect job and keep it. 2. By definition, _____________ involves the person’s creation of a career pattern, decision making style, integration of life roles, values expression, and life-role self-concepts. A. career education B. the Parsonian approach C. career development D. career counseling 3. The idea that feelings in one area of life affect feelings in another area of living is know as A. true reasoning. B. trait-and-factor approach. C. values-based decisions. D. spillover hypothesis. 4. Those adhering to a self-fulfilling work ethic are seeking a career that allows them to be A. free-spirited, allowing things to unfold over time, laissez-faire. B. involved in family, community, leisure, and/or other life roles. C. caring for others while maintaining one’s own needs and interests as well. D. conservative, managing risk, and making sure one’s own opinion is heard. 5. Entrepreneurial and career work ethics have been replaced by the A. wish-fulfillment ethic. B. altruistic ethic. C. self-fulfillment ethic. D. self-containment ethic. 6. Career uncertainty and occupational dissatisfaction may cause A. both psychological and physical stress. B. psychological stress. C. physical stress. D. none of the above. 7. A systematic process for occupational decision-making, labeled true reasoning, was developed by A. Parsons. B. Super. C. Herr. D. Strong. 8. Forty years ago the prevailing term for one’s career was A. avocation. B. vocation. C. guidance. D. career path. 9. The work of James Cattell, Alfred Binet, and Walter Bingham contributed extensively to the emphasis of ________ in career counseling. A. decision-making B. group work C. psychoanalysis D. testing 10. Parsons’ tripartite model for vocational direction developed into the approach to career development interventions known as A. trait-and-factor. B. developmental stage model. C. cognitive behavioral. D. values-based career decision making. 11. The goal of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling is to A. find a job for a person. B. identify areas of one’s life that have affected the success or failure on a previous job and not make the same mistake again. C. seek support and possibly refer an individual to a more skilled professional or an employment agency. D. identify the degree of fit between the person and the occupation. 12. The Career Pattern Study was A. one of the first longitudinal studies of career development. B. a study of jobs in the Third World. C. a study of adolescent job preferences. D. a study of the differences of women’s and men’s career development. 13. Which of the following was the first to shift the focus of career development interventions to that of an ongoing process? A. Frank Parsons B. Carl Rogers C. Mark Savickas D. Donald Super 14. The main organization for professional career counselors is the A. National Career Development Association. B. National Vocational Guidance Association. C. National Association of Guidance Supervisors and Counselor Trainers. D. American Association for Career Specialists in Group Work. 15. According to Savickas, the competencies which will become the main areas of focus for career counselors are A. job placement and performance. B. job skills and competency. C. critical thinking, self-affirmation, and commitment to community. D. time of working and retirement. Chapter 2 1. The theory that focuses on the career development process as it relates to the types of compromises people make in forming their occupational aspirations was presented by A. Krumboltz. B. Holland. C. Gottfredson. D. Super. 2. The three parts of Super’s segmental theory are life span, life space, and A. life time. B. life concept. C. life skills. D. self-concept. 3. In Super’s theory, adolescents’ readiness for career decision making is known as A. career adaptability. B. career maturity. C. social learning. D. decisiveness. 8. According to Brown, values serve as standards by which people evaluate their A. aptitudes. B. skills. C. interests. D. own actions and the actions of others. 9. The Values-Based Approach is based on all of the following assumptions except A. making choices that coincide with values is essential to satisfaction. B. high-functioning people have well-developed and prioritized values. C. values are shaped by both genetics and environment. D. values are assessed through qualitative, not quantitative, means. 10. Hansen’s integrative life planning model is unique in that its emphasis is on integrating A. the individual and support groups. B. work, home, and social life. C. the mind, body, and spirit. D. intrarole and interrole conflict. 11. The tasks of the ILP model include all of the following except A. finding work that needs doing in changing global contexts. B. weaving our lives into a meaningful whole. C. connecting family and work. D. making the most money with the least effort. 12. The three post-modern approaches include all of the following elements except A. narrative. B. contextual. C. constructivist. D. subtextual. 13. Constructivism is a concept that accepts that people A. are active organizers of their own experiences. B. are passively receiving information about their own experiences. C. construct meaning through the actions of others. D. rarely revise their perceptions based on life experience. 14. The Role Construct Repertory Test is a more elaborate treatment of the A. ILP. B. value-based approach. C. laddering technique. D. CASVE. 15. In constructivist terminology, fruitfulness refers to the assumption that A. counselors should always provide fruit to a client because it helps stimulate thoughts about change. B. counseling should result in a changed outlook or new perspective on some aspect of life. C. counseling should result in a complete transformation of ideas from a seed to a fruit. D. counseling should result in higher salaries for clients. Chapter 4 1. A person who feels committed to multiple cultures would be called a A. ethnocentric person. B. individualistic person. C. fully formed person. D. bicultural person. 2. Which of the following best describes “one’s beliefs, awareness, values, subjective experience, sense of purpose and mission, and an attempt to reach toward something greater than oneself”. A. denomination. B. religion. C. spirituality D. sexual orientation. 3. Gysbers et al point out that career development interventions in the United States tend to favor tenets that reflect a European-American perspective. These tenets include all of the following except A. individualism and autonomy. B. affluence. C. structure of opportunity for all. D. affordable housing. 4. Emic approaches to counseling support interventions that are A. one-on-one . B. universally applicable. C. culturally specific. D. individualized. 5. The process of adopting the traits or social patterns of another group is known as A. ethnocentrism. B. cultural pluralism. C. acculturation. D. externalization. 6. The stages of racial identity development include all of the following except A. conformity. B. dissonance. C. introspection. D. externalization. 7. The Nigrescence theory of black identity includes all of the following stages except A. pre-encounter. B. ecounter. C. immersion-emersion. D. introspection. 8. Stereotypically, sex role socialization has exerted influence over the early development of girls by reinforcing A. competition and skill mastery. B. job hunting and career skills. C. relationships and connectedness. D. home-making skills. 9. Oppressive environmental influences that restrict the career development of women occur most frequently in A. centers for women and women’s shelters. B. the home, school, community, and workplace. C. many counseling centers that support women. D. television and movies. 10. Integrating gender into the career development intervention process is important for men because they are often A. restricted in levels of self-disclosure. B. subject to oppressive environmental influences in the workplace. C. focused strongly on family and relationship needs. D. restricted in levels of competitive and physical behavior. 11. Developmental issues that typically confront persons with disabilities include all of the following except A. confronting attitudinal barriers. B. overcoming generalizations. C. developing skills for independent living. D. narrowing social outlets. 12. Typical domains for vocational assessments for persons with disabilities include A. psychological. B. social. C. educational/academic. D. all of the above. 13. Walsh and Betz (1990) describe an assessment model which includes all of the following steps except A. clarifying the problem. B. gathering information. C. understanding the problem. D. solving the problem. 14. The impact of culture on the assessment process is A. negligible. B. noticeable in the initial phases only. C. noticeable in the final phases only. D. significant throughout the process. 15. Whether the scales of a test measure the same constructs across cultures is an indicator of A. functional equivalence. B. metric equivalence. C. conceptual equivalence. D. linguistic equivalence. Chapter 5 1. Assessment is defined as A. a standardized test. B. any formal or informal technique used to collect data about a client. C. an informal method of acquiring information. D. an evaluative measure. 2. Though assessment may be used in several steps of the career planning process, its greatest usefulness is likely to be at Step A. 1. B. 2. C. 4. D. 7. 3. All of the following are reasons to administer assessment except so that the A. counselor can learn more about the needs of the client. B. counselor can determine the progress of an individual or group. C. client can learn more about himself or herself. D. counselor can prescribe the best course of action for the client. 4. Which of the following have “right and wrong answers”? A. assessments B. informal activities C. measures D. tests 5. 5. A forced-choice activity is a/an A. formal assessment instrument. B. informal assessment instrument. C. type of career fantasy. D. way of measuring abilities. 6. All of the following are true of formal assessments except that they A. have no standard method of interpretation. B. have no standard way to compare one person’s scores with those of others. C. have known reliability. D. are usually free of charge. 7. A raw score indicates A. how some characteristic of one individual compares with that of others. B. whether a person’s scores are in the top quartile. C. how many standard deviations a score is from the middle of the distribution. D. the total number of responses related to some category. 12. The purpose in following a planful process of decision making is to A. assure that the consequences are good. B. increase the probability of achieving good outcomes.. C. get to a choice more quickly. D. give someone else the responsibility for your decisions. 13. Several websites that are particularly useful for career planning and information have been developed by the A. Bush administration. B. Department of Education. E C. Department of Labor. F D. Department of Human Services. 14. The most difficult part of helping people make a vocational choice or change is A. interpreting the assessment you give them. G B. finding good sources of career information. H C. helping them process the data and make a choice. I D. dealing with their lack of motivation. 15. When choosing a system for organizing occupations, it is better for guidance purposes if A. the system includes all 13,000 occupations. B. occupations are divided by industries. C. occupations are divided by level of job demand. J D. there is a way to link what the person knows about self to occupational options. Chapter 7 1. The first computer-assisted career guidance systems were developed A. in the 50’s. B. in the 60’s. C. in the 70’s. D. after the widespread use of the Internet. 2. The early computer-assisted systems had all of the following except A. a theoretical base. B. a user record. K C. full-motion video. L D. a decision-making process. 3. DISCOVER is a good example of a A. career information system. B. career planning system. C. virtual career center. D. system supported by cybercounseling. 4. Career information systems that include state-specific data were encouraged by A. the U.S. Department of Education. B. NOICC. C. the United States Department of Labor. D. the University of Oregon. 5. All of the following are strong assets of a computer-based system except the capability to A. provide instruction. B. identify whether the user can profit from its use. M C. administer and interpret inventories and tests. N D. keep a record of use. 6. Research about the use of computer-based systems indicates that A. there is no need for counselor assistance in addition to computer use. B. the use of computer-based systems is actually harmful to clients. C. the best gains are made by a client when technology and counselor support are combined. D. they are much more effective with males than with females. 7. One of the primary ethical issues with cybercounseling is A. security of communication. B. its cost. C. that it can take place 24/7. D. lack of eye contact. 8. The primary player(s) in setting ethical guidelines for cybercounseling is/are the A. American Counseling Association. B. National Career Development Association. C. National Board for Certified Counselors. D. the three organizations above. 9. Which of the following describes a career planning tool, created by the client that they develop and maintain over time? A. e-portfolio. B. cybercounseling. C. assessment system. D. CACGS. 10. The term crosswalking refers to A. updating databases. B. linking related databases. C. accessing databases. D. exporting databases. 11. All of the following are characteristics of career information systems except that they typically A. offer multiple, extensive databases. B. provide labor market information. C. store a user record. D. are not theory-based. 12. One way in which high touch can be added to high tech while serving multiple students is A. group counseling. B. one-to-one counseling. C. assignment of websites. D. classroom instruction. 13. Disadvantages to use of the Internet to provide career planning assistance include all of the following except that A. access and operation can be slow. B. bandwidth and other technical concerns diminish the effectiveness of audio and video C. databases can be updated more frequently. D. the Internet is not a secure environment. 14. All of the following are characteristics of career planning systems except that they typically include A. online assessment or entry of scores from offline assessment. B. monitoring of the user’s progress through the system. C. a strong theory base. D. no searchable databases. 15. When selecting a computer-based system, counselors and their administrators should consider the A. theoretical base, if any, of the system. B. quality and comprehensiveness of the databases. C. presence of online inventories. D. all of the above. Chapter 8 1. Historically, the counseling profession developed or emerged from all of the following except A. vocational/career guidance. B. psychological measurement. C. personality development. D. Freudian psychoanalysis. 2. The practice of career counseling has a close theoretical and practical relationship with A. psychotherapy. B. hypnosis. C. psychoanalysis. D. psychosomatic. 3. Crites contends that career counseling is described by all of the following except that it A. is more effective than psychotherapy. B. should follow psychotherapy. C. can be therapeutic. D. is less difficult than psychotherapy. 4. Students of counseling and mental health practitioners often lack enthusiasm for the practice of career counseling because they view it as a process that A. is very directive and limited to test administration and interpretation. B. has outlived its professional usefulness. C. is limited to providing people with job hunting information only. D. is too broad in scope and too difficult to master. 5. According to Brown and Brooks, if a client does not have cognitive clarity, the career counselor should A. suggest postponing interest assessment and focus directly on the client’s aptitudes. B. administer an interest inventory. C. suggest postponing the client’s career concerns until cognitive clarity is attained. D. treat this client just like every other client. 6. Static definitions of career development and career counseling interventions are A. adequate because they treat the process as a one-time event. B. inadequate because they treat substance, methods, and context as fairly constant. C. inadequate because they assume very little change in how one defines work. D. inadequate because they do not assume that substance, methods, and context as well as definitions for work are rapidly changing. 7. The basic skills career counselors need are A. resume writing and job interviewing. B. the same as for any other counselor. C. the same as those needed by economists. D. psychoanalytic in nature. 8. Providing caring, trust, and empathy to clients is an example of the kind of support known as A. informational. B. appraisal. C. Emotional. D. Psychoanalytic. 9. A taxonomy for classifying various forms of client resistance has been developed by A. Brammer. B. Herr & Niles. C. Savickas. D. Otani. 14. The first step in planning an evaluation is to A. organize data in ways that will answer specific evaluative questions. B. identify the best ways to measure outcomes. C. determine the indicators of success in meeting objectives. D. determine specific measurable objectives of the services. 15. If some planners of the evaluation are pleased with results but others are not, it is probable that A. the evaluation design is flawed. B. different stakeholders have different desired outcomes. C. the data have been incorrectly reported. D. objectives were not measured systematically. Chapter 10 1. In order to justify limiting career-related activities in schools, critics have cited A. time spent away from academic disciplines. B. students’ right to be in charge of their career decisions. C. neither of these. D. both of these. 2. The Herr and Cramer five-stage planning model for facilitating the implementation of systematic career development intervention programs includes all of the following except A. developing a program rationale and philosophy. B. stating program goals and behavioral objectives. C. selecting program processes. D. marketing the program. 3. Program planners in schools should be sensitive to the political climate in which they operate because A. funding of programs requires backing and support by school administrators and school boards. B. school counselors’ jobs are in jeopardy. C. seeking a raise for underpaid school counselors requires savvy maneuvering. D. schools must be coaxed along to see the value of guidance counselors. 4. When it comes to planning and disseminating information about career program delivery, counselors should collaborate with A. both teachers and parents. B. both teachers and grandparents. C. both parents and clergy. D. teachers, parents, community leaders/employers. 5. Careers start to unfold and develop in A. adolescence. B. adulthood. C. infancy. D. pre-school years. 6. According to Havighurst, when children aged 0-5 fail to navigate through developmental tasks, they may experience A. fear, lashing out, and delinquency. B. unhappiness, disapproval of society, and difficulty with later tasks. C. bed-wetting. D. depression and anxiety resulting from their inability to live up to their potential. 7. According to Havighurst, activities involved during middle childhood (ages 6-11) include all of the following except A. develop self-monitoring skills. B. learn appropriate language/communication practices. C. seek appropriate guidance for a preliminary career decision. D. develop academic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics. 8. Gottfredson’s perspective indicates that A. careers that are not deemed gender appropriate are eliminated first. B. careers that are not socially prestigious are eliminated first. C. only careers that are not gender appropriate are eliminated. D. only careers that are not socially prestigious are eliminated. 9. Because elementary school aged children have not yet had the opportunity to explore career options fully, counselors should A. act quickly to present them with a career path. B. urge them to develop a career path. C. work toward counteracting environmental factors that pressure students to commit prematurely to occupational options. D. not focus on the career needs of elementary aged children. 10. Super, Savickas, and Super (1996) identified all of the following as major career development tasks that children should accomplish except A. become concerned about the future. B. develop increased personal control over their lives. C. adhere to gender and work roles fitting the dominant culture. D. convince themselves to achieve in school and at work. 11. The National Assessment of Educational Progress’s Career and Occupational Development Project evaluated schools on the tasks outlined by Super. The Project found that A. elementary schools are doing a better job than high schools. B. elementary schools are doing as good a job as high schools. C. elementary schools have not been doing a very effective job. D. results are inconclusive. 12. Domains identified by NOICC as appropriate career development competencies for elementary school children include all of the following except A. self-knowledge. B. skill building. C. educational and occupational exploration. D. career planning. 13. Skills like being reliable, getting along with one’s co-workers, being trustworthy, and completing assignments on time are called A. job content. B. functional. C. interpersonal. D. self-management. 14. Educational and occupational activities can be infused within a given curriculum by all of the following means except A. writing about careers in short story assignments. B. drawing, painting, or photographing workers. C. finding out about different work around the world for social studies or geography. D. participating in gym or art class. 15. The greatest influence on the career development of children derives from A. community leaders. B. parents. C. peers. D. grandparents. Chapter 11 1. An adolescent makes strides toward independence by developing A. physically and psychologically. B. maturity. C. socially and physically. D. socially and psychologically. 2. Teachers, counselors, and curriculum designers expect middle school students to A. make a career plan and stick to it for most of their career. B. begin to know what careers are and how to write a resume to get the job they want. C. learn about themselves and the world of work and then translate this learning into an educational plan for the remainder of their secondary school education. D. wait until later to worry about career goals. 3. The National Career Development Guidelines recommend that middle school students learn all of the following except A. self-understanding. B. family knowledge. C. educational and occupational exploration. D. career planning. 4. It is important for career interventions to continue to stimulate curiosity in middle school students because A. those who are curious about their emerging self-concepts are more likely to engage in exploratory behavior to acquire the information they need. B. those who have no idea about the world of work need to be encouraged to look at a new concept. C. students are rarely stimulated in middle school, but careers and career decisions interest them. D. exploratory behavior leads to self-concept clarification, but only in regard to a career choice. 5. The most useful foundation for the exploration process is provided by A. aptitude tests. B. skills inventories. C. combining interest inventories with aptitude test results. D. exposure to work. 6. According to Super, the tasks of crystallizing, specifying, and implementing tentative career choices occur during all of the following stages except A. early adulthood (21-24). B. late adolescence (18-20). C. middle adolescence (16-17). D. early adolescence (12-15). . 7. Acquiring reading and writing skills and a good attitude are all aspects of A. career maturity. B. workforce readiness. C. self-knowledge. D. values clarification. 8. The readiness to cope with the various career development tasks confronting an individual is known as A. career maturity. B. workforce readiness. C. self-knowledge. D. values clarification. 9. Crisis/exploration and commitment are central to the career development process developed by A. Super. B. Muuss. C. Hansen. D. Marcia. 10. Appropriate career goals for high school students, as proposed by the National Career Development Guidelines, include all of the following except A. self-knowledge. B. educational and occupational exploration. C. career development. D. career planning. 14. Although research has shown that while individualized counseling is the most effective approach to career development, comprehensive programs should make use of A. computerized delivery systems. B. group counseling. C. workshops. D. a wide range of approaches. 15. Chief administrators of career services offices on college campuses most often report to the A. vice president for alumni services. B. vice president for student services. C. president of the college. D. provost. Chapter 13 1. The specialty of school counseling was the first to be recognized by legislation. It A. is based on entirely different competencies than community counseling. B. does not have its own division of the American Counseling Association. C. was not represented as one of the original four divisions that formed the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA). D. is represented by the American School Counselors Association (ASCA). 2. CACREP is a A. division of the American Counseling Association. B. body that certifies counselors. C. body that approves counselor education programs of study. D. new piece of legislation that protects the confidentiality of clients. 3. As prerequisites to certification, the National Board for Certified Counselors requires A. thirty-six (36) hours of graduate work and a semester of supervised internship,. B. forty-eight (48) hours of graduate work, two semesters of supervised field experience, two years of post-master’s counseling experience, and passing a national exam. C. thirty-six (36) hours of graduate work and passing a national certification exam. D. forty-eight (48) hours of course work and one year of supervised field experience. 4. One of the unique features about the work of community-based counselors, compared to other counseling specialties, is that they A. deal primarily with teenagers. B. make a lot more money. C. may spend as much time working with community resources as with clients. D. base their work on different counseling theories. 5. Schlossberg’s theory is helpful to community counselors because it A. provides a structure for interviewing and doing a case plan. B. relates primarily to adults. C. offers a cognitive approach to dealing with problems. D. does all of the above. 6. Good competency in coordination is required of community counselors because A. there are more things to coordinate for a person who comes for services in the community. B. the primary task of community counselors it to link clients to services that can meet their needs. C. the clients they serve are not capable of doing this for themselves. D. it is one of the 12 basic competencies required of all counselors. 7. Consultation is the process of A. hiring consultants to help with program development or delivery. B. accepting supervision from a person with more training than you have. C. working with another professional in order to address the needs of a client. D. seeking the advice of others about how to deal with a client. 8. Advocacy is an important competency for community-based counselors for all of the following reasons except A. resources for clients are always limited. B. many clients do not know how to advocate for themselves. C. all referral agencies make decisions with the best interests of their clients in mind. D. there are typically more clients than agencies can adequately serve. 9. The primary vehicle for assuring that clients receive the services they need when they need them is A. Schlossberg’s 4-S approach. B. an action plan. C. a case management plan. D. a sequence of consultation activities. 10. A community-based setting that is associated with the U.S. Employment Service is A. the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation. B. a military post. C. a community mental health center. D. a one-stop center. 11. Types of services in mental health centers are most similar to those in A. private practice. B. substance abuse centers. C. rehabilitation settings. D. military settings. 12. Career development in prison settings focuses on A. a wide range of services. B. career planning and job placement. C. assessment, advisement, and individual counseling. D. on-the-job training. 13. Counselors in mental health centers typically have A. a smaller caseload than those in private practice. B. more time to spend with clients. C. reduced responsibility for promotion, marketing, and management. D. a limited network for consultation and referral. 14. Coordination is the process whereby A. the counselor brings together the needs of a client and the resources of the community. B. one professional works with another to find ways to reach compromise that will address a client’s needs. C. pressure is applied to some aspect of the community to improve resources available to the client. D. clients are assured a sequence of services they need in a timely and integrated fashion. 15. Career counselors in private practice require, to a greater extent than those in other settings, the ability to A. aid in transition situations. B. facilitate a promotion. C. make varied resources available. D. apply business skills. Chapter 14 1. The 2 x 2 matrix used to classify career practitioners’ actions includes behavior that is A. right and wrong. B. both moral and legal. C. true and false. D. legal and ethical. 2. In terms of legal and ethical issues, consultation is A. a valuable tool to avoid jail and lawsuits. B. unnecessary, as counselors learn more than they need to know in their classes. C. a strategy to avoid legal and ethical pitfalls. D. not important if counselors can prove that they talked to somebody. 3. State laws and ethical standards are congruent A. always. B. rarely. C. never . D. not always. 4. According to Kidder (1995), an “ethical dilemma” involves A. a decision between right and wrong. B. instances when there are competing ‘rights” or there is a struggle to determine the “least bad” course of action. C. a decision that can not be boiled down to right and wrong but involves the best choice to make. D. instances when there are competing “truths” or there is a struggle to determine the best course of action. 5. Compared to ethical codes or statutes, ethical principles A. are equally helpful. B. are less helpful. C. provide a more solid framework for decision making. D. are less flexible and allow an individual to know exactly what to do in a given situation. 6. Regarding medical ethics, Beauchamp and Childress (1995) address A. veracity, privacy, and confidentiality. B. veracity, euthanasia, and fidelity. C. privacy, malpractice, and fidelity. D. confidentiality, licensing, and fidelity. 7. The “platinum rule” suggests that you treat another individual A. as you would like to be treated. B. the way the other individual would like to be treated. C. with as much respect as possible. D. with the understanding that that individual may treat you the same way. 8. Related to ethical codes, A. malpractice is increased by the presence of so many sets of ethical codes. B. malpractice is decreased by the presence of so many sets of ethical codes. C. it would be desirable (according to the authors) to have one integrated set of ethical codes. D. there are only two sets of codes that affect counselors. 9. Underlying all questions (and answers) related to ethical and legal behavior in career development interventions are A. legal statutes. B. values clarifications. C. moral opinions. D. values assumptions. 10. When a client’s concerns include depressive feelings, low self-esteem, and other serious mental health issues, career counselors should A. automatically refer the client to a competent mental health professional. B. assess whether they can adequately deal with the problem at hand or should refer the client to another professional. C. handle the case as they have been trained to do. D. assess what the client wants to work on. 11. Dealing with ethical issues and values, Herr and Niles (1988) stress awareness of all of the following except A. personal values. B. the client’s values. C. values being propagated at the national level. D. values the client and clinician share.