Solved Exam 1 - Elementary Psychology - Fall 2008 | VPHY 3100, Exams of Pharmacology

Download Solved Exam 1 - Elementary Psychology - Fall 2008 | VPHY 3100 and more Exams Pharmacology in PDF only on Docsity! Examination I VPHY 3100 Elements of Physiology September 15th, 2008 1:25 - 2:15 p.m. Multiple Choice (2.5 points each) FOR EACH QUESTION, CHOOSE THE SINGLE BEST ANSWER. 1. What is the primary impediment to the simple diffusion of ions and most molecules across the cell membrane? A. The charged nature of the head groups on phospholipid molecules within the bilayer. B. The hydrophilic nature of the head groups on phospholipid molecules within the bilayer. C. The central core of the bilayer, composed of hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains. D. The central core of the bilayer, composed of hydrophilic hydrocarbon chains. E. The inability of membrane transport proteins to function properly. 2. Molecular oxygen (O2) crosses cell membranes by: A. osmosis. B. primary active transport. C. secondary active transport. D. simple diffusion. E. facilitated diffusion. 3. A _____________________ solution exerts more osmotic pressure than a 200 millimolar NaCl solution. A. 200 millimolar CaCl2 B. 200 millimolar glucose C. 100 millimolar NaCl D. 100 millimolar MgCl2 E. 300 millimolar glucose 4. Which statement is true? A. All ion channels are passive transport proteins. B. All pumps engage in secondary active transport. C. All carriers mediate facilitated diffusion. D. All uniporters engage in secondary active transport. E. None of the above are correct. 5. Which statement is true for both symporters and antiporters? A. Solutes move in the same direction across the membrane. B. Solutes move in opposite directions across the membrane. C. At least one solute moves against its chemical (or electrochemical) gradient across the membrane. D. These carriers hydrolyze ATP in order to move solutes across the membrane. E. These carriers are passive transporters. 6. In order for the sodium/glucose cotransporter to function properly, it relies on the _________________ established & maintained by the Na+/K+-ATPase. A. potassium gradient 1 B. sodium gradient C. glucose gradient D. chloride gradient E. calcium gradient 7. The sodium pump contributes slightly to the resting membrane potential because: A. it is an electroneutral pump. B. it moves one net positive charge out for each ATP hydrolyzed. C. it moves one net positive charge in for each ATP hydrolyzed. D. it keeps internal potassium concentrations high. E. it keeps internal potassium concentrations low. 8. The typical charge gradient that exists across our cell membranes at rest: A. results in a membrane potential around 0 mV. B. results in a membrane potential around -30 mV. C. results in a slightly depolarized membrane potential. D. is characterized by excess positive charges in the cytoplasm. E. is characterized by excess negative charges in the cytoplasm. 9. The resting membrane potential across our cells is very close to EK primarily due to: A. “leaky” K channels which are open at rest. B. “leaky” Na channels which are open at rest. C. “leaky” Cl channels which are open at rest. D. the activity of the sodium pump. E. none of the above are correct. 10. Assume that for a mammalian cell, the concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid is 150 mM and the concentration of Na+ in the cytosol is 10 mM. What is the Nernst potential for sodium? A. +65 mV B -65 mV C. +72 mV D. -72 mV E. +4 mV 11. Consider a novel anion, X2-, which is differentially distributed across our plasma membranes. Assuming a Nernst potential, EX, of –50 mV and a resting membrane potential of –70 mV, in which direction would net X2- movement occur if X-specific channels suddenly opened in the membrane? A. Net X2- would move from the extracellular space into the cell. B. Net X2- would move from the cytosol to the extracellular space. C. X2- would already be at electrochemical equilibrium. D. There would be no net movement of X2-. E. Both C and D are true. 12. When ligand initially binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor, which of the following downstream events occurs first? A. The receptor protein gets turned “off”. B. The alpha subunit of the G-protein expels GDP and binds GTP. C. The alpha subunit of the G-protein hydrolyzes GTP. D. The alpha subunit of the G-protein reassociates with its beta/gamma dimer. E. The activated beta/gamma dimer interacts with downstream effectors. 2 26. Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are similar in that: A. their activation always leads to an IPSP. B. their activation always leads to an EPSP. C. they are both ligand-gated ion channels. D. they are both G-protein-coupled receptors. E. they both bind extracellular acetylcholine. 27. Which of the following structures comprise the “brain stem” of the central nervous system? A. The midbrain, pons, and medulla B. The cerebellum, pons, and medulla C. The cerebrum and diencephelon D. The forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain E. The midbrain, cerebellum, pons, and medulla 28. Which of the following is not a whole-brain imaging technique? A. EEG B. CT C. PET D. MRI E. fMRI 29. Which of the following is not part of the cerebrum? A. The corpus callosum B. The occipital lobe C. The hypothalamus D. The hippocampus E. The amygdala 30. The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe, which house the ______________ and ______________ cortices, respectively. A. sensory; motor B. motor; sensory C. visual; motor D. sensory; visual E. motor; auditory 31. Both the thalamus and the hypothalamus: A. serve as major connector sites between the basal ganglia and motor cortex. B. serve as obligatory relay centers for ascending somatosensory information. C. regulate the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland. D. are part of the diencephalon. E. are part of the midbrain. 32. The midbrain contains nuclei for two major _______________ projection pathways that are involved in motor control and addiction/reward behaviors. A. epinephrine B. dopamine 5 C. serotonin D. glutamate E. GABA 33. The ___________________ are the only projection neurons originating from the cortex of the cerebellum. A. basket cells B. golgi cells C. granule cells D. pyramidal cells E. purkinje cells 34. The ascending fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract decussate at the: A. spinal cord. B. medulla oblongata. C. midbrain. D. thalamus. E. cerebral cortex. 35. Which of the following is not a component of the limbic system? A. Hypothalamus B. Basal ganglia C. Amygdala D. Thalamus E. Midbrain 36. ________________ is the transformation of short-term memory into long-term memory. A. Early long-term potentiation B. Late long-term potentiation C. Synaptic plasticity D. Consolidation E. Forgetting 37. NMDA-receptors are different from AMPA-receptors in that: A. NMDA-receptors bind extracellular glutamate whereas AMPA-receptors do not. B. NMDA-receptor activation leads to an EPSP whereas AMPA-receptor activation leads to an IPSP. C. NMDA-receptors are ligand-gated ion channels whereas AMPA-receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors. D. NMDA-receptors are gated by both voltage and glutamate whereas AMPA-receptors are gated only by voltage. E. NMDA-receptors allow calcium ions to move into the cell whereas AMPA-receptors do not. 38. The fundamental mechanism by which NMDA-receptor activation initiates LTP (long-term potentiation) is via: A. elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in the post-synaptic cell. B. elevation of intracellular calcium concentrations in the pre-synaptic cell. C. depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. D. hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic cell. 6 E. none of the above. 39. The “biogenic amine hypothesis” of depression originally developed based on the observation that: A. inhibiting the presynaptic enzyme MAO led to depressive effects. B. inhibiting the postsynaptic enzyme COMT led to depressive effects. C. blocking the transport of monoamines into presynaptic vesicles led to depressive effects. D. blocking the reuptake of monoamines into the presynaptic nerve terminal led to depressive effects. E. blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve terminal led to depressive effects. 40. The dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway: A. originates in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and projects to the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia. B. originates in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and projects to the putamen of the basal ganglia. C. originates in the ventral tegmental nucleus of the midbrain and projects to the putamen of the basal ganglia. D. originates in the ventral tegmental nucleus of the midbrain and projects to the nucleus accumbens of the basal ganglia. E. originates in the basal ganglia and projects to the midbrain. ***PROCEED TO THE NEXT PAGE FOR BONUS QUESTIONS*** 41. BONUS QUESTION (2.5 pts extra credit): The molecular weight of KCl (potassium chloride) is 75 g/mol. You’d like to make 0.5 liters of a 0.2 M aqueous solution of KCl. How much KCl must you add? A. 750 grams B. 188 grams C. 75 grams D. 30 grams E. 7.5 grams 42. BONUS QUESTION (2.5 pts extra credit): The primary projection neuron of the cerebral cortex is called a(n) _________________; these neurons release the neurotransmitter ________________. A. interneuron; GABA B. purkinje cell; glutamate C. purkinje cell; GABA D. pyramidal cell; glutamate E. pyramidal cell; GABA 7