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Final Exam Review - Communication - Lecture Notes | COMM 1310, Study notes of Communication

Final Review Material Type: Notes; Professor: Hutchins; Class: FUND OF HUMAN COM; Subject: Communication Studies; University: Texas State University - San Marcos; Term: Fall 2010;

Typology: Study notes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 12/15/2010

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Download Final Exam Review - Communication - Lecture Notes | COMM 1310 and more Study notes Communication in PDF only on Docsity! Communication Chapters 11-15 Chapter 11: Be able to identify the eight steps involved in the audience-centered model of the public speaking process: 1. Select and narrow topic. 2. Identify purpose. 3. Develop central idea. 4. Generate main ideas. 5. Gather supporting material. 6. Organize presentation. 7. Rehearse presentation. 8. Deliver presentation. Be able to explain the significance of being an audience-centered public speaker. Audience-centered presentational speakers are inherently sensitive to the diversity of their audiences. While guarding against generalization that might be offensive, they acknowledge that cultural, ethnic, and other traditions affect the way people process messages. They apply the fundamental principle of appropriately adapting their messages to others. Be able to explain how each of the following methods help speakers manage their anxiety: Know how to develop a presentation: Just knowing what you need to do to develop a presentation can boost your confidence in being able to do it. Be prepared: Being well prepared will also mean less anxiety. Focus on your audience: The more you know about your audience and how they are likely to respond to your message, the more comfortable you will feel about delivering that message. And as you finally deliver your presentation, focus on connecting to your listeners. The more you concentrate on your audience, the less you can attend to your own nervousness. Focus on your message: Focusing on your message can also be a constructive anxiety-reducing strategy. It keeps you from thinking too much about how nervous you are. Once you are speaking, maintain your focus on your message and your audience, rather than on your fears. Give yourself a mental pep talk: Rather than allowing yourself to dwell on how worried or afraid you are, make a conscious effort to think positively. Use deep-breathing techniques: Take a few slow, deep breaths before you get up to speak. As you slowly inhale and exhale, try to relax your entire body. These simple strategies will increase your oxygen Take advantage of opportunities to speak: As you gain public speaking experience, you will feel more in control of your nervousness. Past successes build confidence. Seek professional help: Systematic desensitization helps you learn to manage anxiety through a combination of general relaxation techniques and visualization of successful and calm preparation and delivery of a presentation. Another proven strategy is performance visualization: viewing a videotape of a successful, effective speaker, becoming familiar enough with the videotaped presentation that you can imagine it, and eventually visualizing yourself as the speaker. Be able to identify examples that reflect the following guidelines for selecting and narrowing a speech topic: Who is the audience? Your college classmates are likely to be interested in such topics as college loans and the job market. Older adults might be more interested in hearing a speaker address such topics as the cost of prescription drugs and investment tax credits. Thinking about your audience can often yield an appropriate topic. What is the occasion? A Veteran’s Day address calls for such topics as patriotism and service to one’s country. A university centennial address will focus on the successes of the institution’s past and a vision for its future. What are my interests and experiences? Exploring your own interests, attitudes, and experiences may suggest topics about which you know a great deal and feel passionately, and result in a presentation that you can deliver with energy and genuine enthusiasm. Be able to differentiate the general purpose from the specific purpose statement of a speech. General purpose – the broad reason for giving a presentation: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain an audience. Specific purpose – a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the presentation. Be able to differentiate the specific purpose statement from the central idea of a speech. While your specific purpose indicates what you want your audience to know or do by the end of your presentation, your central idea make a definitive point about your topic. It focuses on the content of the speech. Be able to recall six criteria for evaluating Internet sites. A transition signals to an audience that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next. A summary provides an additional opportunity for the audience to grasp a speaker’s most important ideas. Be able to recall five functions of an introduction. 1. Gaining attention 2. Introducing a topic 3. Creating a reason to listen 4. Establishing credibility 5. Previewing main ideas Be able to recall four functions of a conclusion. 1. Summarizing the presentation 2. Reemphasizing central idea 3. Motivating an audience response 4. Providing closure Be able to differentiate a preparation outline and a delivery outline. Preparation outline – Detailed outline of a presentation that includes main idea, subpoints, and supporting material, and that may also include specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transition, and conclusion. Delivery outline – Condensed and abbreviated outline of a presentation, from which speaking notes are developed. Be able to recall and identify components of a preparation outline. 1. Standard numbering 2. Two subdivisions for each point 3. Proper indentations 4. Parallel heading structure Be able to recall suggestions for developing a delivery outline. 1. Use single words or short phrases whenever possible. 2. Include our introduction and conclusion in abbreviated form. 3. Include supporting material and signposts. 4. Do not include your purpose statement. 5. Use standard outline form. Be able to recall examples of delivery cues and identify how they are used during the presentation of a speech. Delivery cue – A reminder of how to speak or move during a presentation, which is often written on a speaker’s note cards. Examples: “Louder,” “Pause,” or “Walk two steps left.” Chapter 13: Be able to identify and differentiate four methods of speech delivery. 1. Manuscript – Reading a presentation from a written text 2. Memorized – Delivering a presentation word for word from memory without using notes 3. Impromptu – Delivering a presentation without advance preparation 4. Extemporaneous – Speaking from a written or memorized outline without having memorized the exact wording of the presentation Be able to identify examples of words in a speech that enhance verbal delivery. Concrete word – A word that refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in the most specific way possible. (The word poodle instead of dog) Unbiased word – A word that does not stereotype, discriminate against, or insult any sexual, racial, cultural, or religious group. (Member of congress instead of congressman) Vivid word – A colorful word. (Distressed oak table instead of table) Simple word – A short word known to most people who speak the language. Correct word – A word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears. Be able to identify examples of effective word structures that enhance verbal delivery. - Figurative language – Language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable. o Metaphor – Making an implied comparison between two things o Simile – Making an overt comparison between two things using the words like or as o Personification – Attributing human qualities to nonhuman things or ideas - Drama – Phrasing something in a way that differs from the way the audience expects o Omission – Leaving out a word or phrase the audience expects to hear o Inversion – Reversing the normal word order of a phrase or sentence o Suspension – Withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence. - Cadence – The rhythm of language o Parallelism – Using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences o Antithesis – A two-part parallel structure in which the second part contrasts in meaning with the first o Repetition – Emphasizing a key word or phrase by using it more than once. o Alliteration – The repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence Be able to explain how the following five components enhance the nonverbal delivery of a presentation. Eye contact with your audience lets them know that you are interested in them and ready to talk to them. It also permits you to determine whether they are responding to you. And most listeners will think that you are more capable and trustworthy if you look them in the eye. Gestures, movement, and posture are the three key elements of physical delivery. A good speaker knows how to use effective gestures, make meaningful movements, and maintain appropriate posture while speaking to an audience. Your facial expression plays a key role in expressing your thoughts, emotions, and attitudes. Your audience sees your face before they hear what you are going to say, giving you the opportunity to set the tone for your message even before you begin speaking. Vocal delivery involves nonverbal cues—not the words you say, but the way you say them. Effective vocal delivery requires that you speak so that your audience can understand you and will remain interested in what you are saying. There is considerable evidence that your personal appearance affects how your audience will respond to you and your message. If you violate your audience’s expectations, you will be less successful in achieving your purpose. Be able to differentiate three components of physical delivery. 1. Gestures – Movements of the hands and arms to communicate ideas 2. Movement – Change of location during a presentation 3. Posture – A speaker’s stance Be able to differentiate four components of vocal delivery. 1. Volume – The softness or loudness of a speaker’s voice 2. Pitch – How high or low a speaker’s voice is 3. Rate – How fast or slowly a speaker speaks 4. Articulation – The production of clear and distinct speech sounds Be able to identify the types of presentation aids. 1. Objects 2. Models 3. People 4. Drawings 5. Photographs 6. Maps 7. Charts 8. Graphs 9. Videotapes 10. CD-ROMs and DVDs 11. Audiotapes and Audio CDs Proposition of policy – A claim that advocating a specific action to change a policy, procedure, or behavior. Be able to define credibility and differentiate its factors. Credibility – An audience’s perception of a speaker’s competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism. Competence – An aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, and knowledgeable. Trustworthiness – An aspect of a speaker’s credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest. Dynamism – An audience’s perception that a speaker is energetic. Charisma – Talent, charm, and attractiveness Be able to define proof and differentiate evidence from reasoning. Proof – Evidence plus reasoning. Evidence – Material used to support a point or premise. Reasoning – The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence. Be able to identify examples of the following types of logical reasoning. Inductive – Using specific instances or examples to reach a probable general conclusion Deductive – Moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion Causal – Relating two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events cause the others Be able to identify and differentiate the following types of logical fallacies. Causal fallacy – Making a faulty cause-and-effect connection between two things or events Bandwagon fallacy – Suggesting that because everyone believes something or does something, it must be valid, accurate, or effective. Either-or-fallacy – Oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices Hasty generalization – Reaching a conclusion without adequate supporting evidence Personal attack – Attacking irrelevant personal characteristics of someone connected with an idea, rather than addressing the idea itself Red herring – Irrelevant facts or information used to distract someone from the issue under discussion Appeal to misplaced authority – Using someone without the appropriate credentials or expertise to endorse an idea or product Non sequitur – Latin for “it does not follow”; an idea or conclusion that does not logically follow the previous idea or conclusion Be able to identify three strategies for enhancing the emotional appeal of a persuasive presentation. 1. Use emotion-arousing words 2. Use concrete illustrations and descriptions to create emotional images 3. Use visual aids to evoke both positive and negative emotions Be able to identify the following organizational patterns for persuasive messages. Problem-and-solution – organization by discussing first a problem and then its various solutions Cause-and-effect – organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects Refutation – organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments Motivated sequence – Alan H. Monroe’s five-step plan for organizing a persuasive message: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. Be able to identify strategies for persuading receptive, neutral, and unreceptive audiences. Persuading the receptive audience: - Identify with your audience - Emphasize common interests - Provide a clear objective; tell your listeners what you want them to do - Appropriately use emotional appeals Persuading the neutral audience: - Gain and maintain your audience’s attention - Refer to beliefs and concerns that are important to listeners - Show how the topic affects people your listeners care about - Be realistic about what you can accomplish Persuading the unreceptive audience: - Don’t tell listeners that you are going to try to convince them to support your position - Present your strongest arguments first - Acknowledge opposing points of view - Don’t expect a major shift in attitudes or behavior
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