Genetic Predisposition, Age, Gender, and Lifestyle: Influences on Health and Disease - Pro, Study notes of Personal Health

Download Genetic Predisposition, Age, Gender, and Lifestyle: Influences on Health and Disease - Pro and more Study notes Personal Health in PDF only on Docsity! PERSONAL HEALTH TEST # 1 REVIEW LECTURE A. HEALTH AND WELLNESS —The optimal/best level of functioning physically, mentally, and socially (*unattainable—cannot be perfect on every psychological level) —viewed as a goal (modern concept) —something we work toward (the most positive pt. on a continuum) 1. HEALTH/DEATH CONTINUUM Health Wellness Minor Illness Major Illness Critical Illness Death A. HEREDITY 1. Genetic Predisposition + Environmental Variable = Disease  genetic predisposition + environment = disease; example- genetic code + smoking = lung cancer; our genetic endowment B. AGE  Age: the older we get, the quicker we mover down the continuum C. GENDER  Gender : males move quicker down the continuum; women have a biological superiority over men *there is a common link between the 3 influences= you CANNOT CHANGE these things! D. LIFESTYLES  Lifestyles: diet, substance abuse, misuse, stress, smoking, exercise or lack thereof  we have control over these variables (CHOICES) 2. HEALTH BEHAVIOR (KNOWLEDGE....LIFESTYLES)  Based on your knowledge, attitudes, values and beliefs -knowledge by itself is not enough (ex. a nurse smoking?) -attitudes (+ or -) -values (the measure of worth) -beliefs (our conviction in respect to others, what we view as truth)  Health Decisions Paradigm: moves downward 1. Knowledge 2. Decisions 3. Health behaviors 4. Lifestyles consistent pattern of choosing 3. IMPORTANT LIFESTYLES 1. Not smoking/moderate alcohol intake (2 drinks/day) 2. Maintaining normal weight/ exercise regularly 3. Getting 7-8 hours of sleep a night 4. Eating breakfast everyday/ not eating between meals 5. regular exercise program  What could be added? wear seat belts, safer sex, stress management Leading causes of death between 15-24 year olds: 1.accidents 2. Homicides 3.suicides Leading causes of death: 1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. stroke 4. lung disease 5. accidents 6. influenza and pneumonia 7. diabetes 8. suicide 9. kidney disease 10. liver disease 4. OUTCOMES OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLES *all about CHOICES A. LESS MORBIDITY B. LIFE SPAN (Defined) The number of years imposed on life itself; possible lifespan= 128 years old (people in urban areas live longer than rural and married men live longer than single women) C. LIFE EXPECTANCY (Defined) The number of years one is expected to live it, providing conditions remain unchanged D. QUALITY OF LIFE happy= married men, unhappy= married women B. NEED (GOAL) DIRECTED BEHAVIOR 1. PARADIGM WHEN GOAL NOT REACHED -FRUSTRATION, TENSION, CONFLICT These are the responses to not reaching your goal GOAL REACHED: Need/Goal Motivated Instrumental Behaviors Goal Reached Relief GOAL NOT REACHED: Need/Goal Motivated Instrumental Behaviors Goal not Reached Frustration Conflict  Tension  Response (relief or no relief—ex: anger, assertiveness, aggression, defense mechanisms, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, suicide) 2. RESPONSES (ANGER, ASSERTIVENESS, AGGRESSION, DEFENSE MECHANISMS, EATING DISORDERS, SUICIDE) 3. SUICIDE A. THIRD LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH 15-24 TEXTBOOK CHAPTER 1- TAKING CHARGE OF YOUR HEALTH -Dimensions of Wellness Wellness in any dimension is not a static goal but a dynamic process of change and growth: Physical Wellness: requires eating well, exercising, avoiding harmful habits, making responsible decisions about sex, learning about and recognizing symptoms of disease, getting regular medical and dental checkup, and taking steps to prevent injuries at home, on the road, and on the job Emotional Wellness: optimism, trust, self-esteem, self-confidence, self-control, satisfying relationships, and an ability to share feelings. A dynamic state that fluctuates with your physical, intellectual, spiritual, interpersonal and social and environmental health. Maintaining emotional well being requires monitoring and exploring your thoughts and feelings, identifying obstacles to emotional well being, and finding solutions to emotional problems. Intellectual Wellness: include an openness to new ideas, a capacity to question and think critically, and the motivation to master new skills, as well as a sense of humor and curiosity. Your mind detects problems, finds solutions, and directs behavior. Spiritual Wellness: to enjoy spiritual health is to posses a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that give meaning and purpose to your life, especially during difficult times. It involves the capacity for love, compassion, forgiveness, altruism, joy, and fulfillment. It is an antidote to cynicism, anger, fear, and self- absorption, and pessimism. Interpersonal and Social Wellness: satisfying relationships are basic to both physical and emotional health. We need to have mutually loving, supportive people in our lives. Developing interpersonal wellness means learning good communication skills, developing the capacity for intimacy, and cultivating a support network of caring friends and/or family members. It requires participating in and contributing to your community, country, and world. Environmental or Planetary Wellness: Increasingly, personal health depends on the health of the plant— from the safety of food supply to the degree of violence in the society. Wellness requires learning and protecting yourself against such hazards and doing what you can to reduce or eliminate them. -Health Issues for Diverse Populations (Dangers) 1. stereotyping: talking about people as groups rather than as individuals. People have unique genetic endowment and unique life experiences but many of these influences can be shared with similar genetic and cultural backgrounds. Statements about these group similarities can be useful—they can alert people to areas that may be of special concern for them and their families 2. Overgeneralizing: ignoring the extensive biological and cultural diversity that exists among peoples who are grouped together (Latino/Hispanic or American Indian—each label contains different genetic and cultural heritages). It is important to keep these considerations in mind whenever you read about culturally diverse populations. -Ethnicity (Minority Groups) Latinos • Diverse group, with roots in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Sotuh and Central America • Many Latinos are a mix of Spanish and American Indian descent or mixed Spanish, Indian, and African American • On average have lower rates of heart disease, cancer, and suicide • On average have higher overall birth rate; other areas of concern include gallbladder disease and obesity • About one in two Latinas will develop diabetes in her lifetime African Americans • Same leading causes of death as the general population, but have higher infant mortality rate and lower rates of suicide and osteoporosis • Areas of special concern include high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, asthma, and obesity • Have a significant higher risk of prostate cancer men than men in other groups, and early screening is recommended for them Asian Americans • Include people who trace their ancestry to countries in the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent, including Japan, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Korea, the Philippines, Indian, and Pakistan • They have a lower death rate and a longer life expectancy than the general population • Lower rates of coronary heart disease and obesity • Health differences exist among these groups American Indians and Alaska Natives • Typically embrace a tribal identity, such as Sioux, Navaho, or Hopi • Lower death rates from heart disease, stroke, and cancer than the general population • Higher rates of early death from causes linked to smoking and alcohol use, including injuries and cirrhosis • Diabetes is a special concern for many groups Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Americans • Trace their ancestry to the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, and other Pacific Islands • Have the overall death rate than the general population and higher rates of some diseases, including diabetes and asthma • High rates of smoking and high prevalence of overweight and obesity are special concerns for this group -Locus of Control Refers to the figurative “place” a person designates as the source of responsibility for the events of his or her life. INTERNAL: People who believe they are in control of their own lives are said to have an internal locus of control. For lifestyle management, this has an advantage because it reinforces motivation and commitment. EXTERNAL: Those who believe that factors beyond their control—heredity, friends, family, the environment, fate, luck, or other outside sources—are more important in determining their events of their lives are said to have an external locus of control. People with this can learn to view the events in their lives differently and increase their feelings of self-efficacy. -Enhancing Your Readiness for Change (Stages of Change Model) PRECOMTEMPLATION People in this stage have no intention of changing their behavior. They may be unaware of the risks associated with their behavior, or they may deny that their behavior will have any serious consequences for them. They may have tried unsuccessfully to change in the past and may now feel demoralized and think the situation is hopeless. They may also blame themselves for other problems. Most people aren’t purley “internalizers” or externalizers”; their locus of control changes in response to the situation. CONTEMPLATION People at this stage are aware that they have a problem and have started to think and learn about it. They acknowledge the benefits that behavior change will have for them but are also very aware of the costs of changing. They wonder about possible course of action but may feel stuck and unsure of how best to proceed. PREPARATION People at this stage plan to take action within a month and may already have begun to make small changes in their behavior. If you are in the preparation stage, your next step is to create a specific plan for change that includes a start date, realistic goals, rewards, and information on exactly how you will go about changing your behavior. You’ll also want to prepare yourself emotionally and socially by practicing visualization and self-talk and by involving the people around you in efforts of change. ACTION During this stage, people outwardly modify their behavior and their environment. The action stage requires the greatest commitment of time and energy, and people in this stage are at risk for reverting old, unhealthy patterns of behavior. If you are in the action stage, you’ll need to use all the plans and strategies that you developed during earlier stages. In particular, be sure to plan ahead to overcome temptations and deal with problem situations MAINTENANCE People at this stage have maintained their new, healthier lifestyle for at least 6 months. To guard against slips and relapses, they continue with all the positive strategies they used in earlier stages. Their confidence and self-efficacy increase. The maintenance stage lasts from 6 months to about 5 years. TERMINATION People at this stage have excited the cycle of change and are no longer tempted to lapse back into their old behavior. They have a new self-image and self-efficacy with regard to their target behavior stage applies to some behaviors, such as addictions, but may not be appropriate for others, such as addictions, but may not be appropriate for others. CHAPTER 2 - STRESS, THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE