Midterm 2 Review - Knowledge and Reality | PHIL 1204, Study notes of Philosophy

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S hoetr answ th = Perper iM pokiont $ hog + Philosophy 1204 Midterm 2 S Ob Review for Second Mid-Term - Physicalism/Materialism: mind complicated arrangement of matter, arrangement of matter, just one thing, matter, one kind, mind is just a complicated arrangement of matter - Arguments for P/M o Arguments for Materialism: = What is materialism? = Humans are made of only one kind of stuff — matter = We have a mind, but what we call “the mind” is really just a complicated arrangement of matter — namely, the brain = A “mental” experience = Materialism: dull throbbing pain is simply the activation of my c-fibers “just is” . o Evolution process —? physical process, magical nen physical © Science of the Brain explain things Wwside byvain wf Pam carouttgim mind! that cont ive explained “Withduarism Clin + bt explumd —-wsing sdence Loi thn disrtieevo Simplicity = Principle of Simplicity: p. 5 If there are two theories, both of which explain the same number of observations or facts, then we should accept the one that posits fewer objects, or is more simple Cckham's Raz0k - - Arguments against P/M ‘ Maker ialis <— 0 Prob of Consciousness - Caw’ + feel or account for eKXPeVienied.S will never nt pg Know o8 co Inverted Spectrum: (3° Night 63-67) example: lemon and tomato, see different cop mare colors, but call it same thing - Type-Type Materialism (p. 36) co. Pain {as a type of mental experience) is the firing of C-fibers (as a type of brain state) © What if dogs don’t have C-fibers? co The they don’t have pain (according to this theory). o But that seems pretty implausible, mult. Realizability — [dog experience pain (no c-fibers)] argument against it category pain is the category of c-fibers Token-Token (p. 37) o. This particular experience of pain realized by this brain event. o But some other particular experience of pain might be realized by some different brain event of a different type co All experiences of pain just are brain events, but necessarily the same type. co Pain specific Multiple Realizability (pp. 37-38) o Realized by, made real Nagel: Nagel’s Dual-Aspect Theory o What does It All Mean? P. 33-36 o There is only one kind of substance — matter o But matter can have two different kinds of states: mental states and physical states — both aspects o Computer are just physical things Problem of Other Minds: you have to prove your own existence who/what else can prove their own existence Skepticism: not sure of whether there are external things Solipsism: (solus = alone + ipsi = self) certain that there are no external things Web of Belief: wi \lavd Quine -alternatve per spective an chor - points € connections Descartes Web metaphor co Tree branches = world of experience, web attachments = observation sentences Architectural metaphor . co Math/Geom., Phys obj’s exist, Mind and body De SCA te ¢ C & D perceptions are accurate ——oooe God exists ° I exist (as a thinking thing) Observation sentences Man with a hat putting a white envelope into a mailbox Dean of the law school mailing a birthday check to his daughter in Belgium. First sentence is an observation sentence, second one is not. Observation sentence; all competent language-users who witness the event will agtee whether the sentences is true or not. © Observation sentences can be false. e000 Observation sentences formulate our beliefs that most directly tie us to the world: “There’s a buzzing sound.” Not: “Dad is sawing.” ff { agree “Here’s a white patch of color.” No Fallable fe gr Not: “Here’s my pen.” Knowledge — Cartesian conception of knowledge, absolutely certain, never going to certainty, but web hangs off reasonable circumstances - reasonable > satisfy things of good belief 6 virtues Belief o Evaluate by standard of “reasonable” rather than “absolutely certain.” co I know something if (p. 13): = [believe it. helps make SOM Sd = It is true. of whet we = [have firm grounds/good evidence for my belief. fe 410 ¥V ~ More useful for science and everyday life than Descartes’ standard. - hot a feeling nvr an achviry Si NMA aS We OVvee Societe s rephes - Pure Knowledge -Knowled ran ot Ane Forms , phatosephers avy Yd beta | took ZR not qarnek Thr ody - Cyclical argument C10e-T2a) Ai things Come tp we. fom wer epposife LavgeismaMe-, awoke lasleep - Qbjections by © Simmias (84c-86e) —? eft Sout is mot shronger 3 nnd) more o Cebes (87a-88c) lasting Phaar thre. bo ackey ~? lure 7?7GILAH EC ebes 7 soul lasts a lem firme wh« Le Tre locoly “ tS weaker F more Short - ae Le - €ach sakr{ wears ent ging ° cs + Socrates’ replies (9 1d-95a) Simmias, Cebes (95a-106e) S os im (las % od. S—= aMsen{s -egued te geod 12 tte tha. soul to Aeame ; nee Oe POW tidy fh POcIVire LR C= Bote E Byopen” nes °F - Deductive argument: aim for certainty. o {If premises are true, conclusion must be true. i - Inductive argument: aim for probability. o Ifthe premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true. - Argument by analogy: are inductive, suggested, increases probability, compare, related in specific way - Essential properties: part of the essence of a thing (part of the thing’s Form) if it didn’t have that property, it wouldn’t be that (kind of) thing o Properties of a Person: species?, race/ethnicity?, DNA/Parents?, Gender?, Capacity to think?, Memories? - Accidental properties: properties that aren’t essential — if it didn’t have that property, it would still be that (kind of thing). © Properties of a Person: height, weight, hair color/length, name, interests?, values? - Reason vs. emotion: everyone caught up in emotion, should focus on reason, but can’t always you reason - Explain the objection by Simmias (or, Cebes), and then explain Socrates’ reply. Is Socrates’ reply adequate? Why or why not? - Use Quine’s 6 virtues of hypotheses to evaluate the hypothesis that God exists. C Ung: orver FEIN fining dat M odeshy Si anpla of , Cy owe vor hy } / r. eet Wty fp recv5l™ h panes S -> Gud exists J > vow i+ Ars wl one” laetaefs sharldu uJ y ae TU? AARC AL / Comevvahsm > A+s ble its your belref gqoes & long nit M pdeshy—? bb 54 ita Ui ylecd hetiefs My le” AetSfyor ke 6} Godt, rw reete s sitapucity? Gy nO Fn terre to on Te slag) hy 2 Com trey Crvillere.2-| 192 Po Yee. : Fr Yon fark @ othe gots Ftd Gis ? T2eaASiwW —