Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview of Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, and Joints - Pr, Study notes of Physiology

Download Anatomy and Physiology: An Overview of Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, and Joints - Pr and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!  Structural organization o Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system  Types of anatomy o Gross, microscopic, development  Anatomy – studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other  Physiology – study of the function of the body and how it works  Connective tissue – binds, supports, protection, insulation, transportation (blood)  3 types of fibers – collagen, elastic, reticular  3 main elements – ground substance, fibers, cells (fat and mobile) o Connective tissue proper  Loose connective tissues  Areolar connective tissue – supports and binds, holds body fluids, defends against infections, fibroblasts - flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped  Adipose (fat) tissue – nutrient storage, richly vascularized, high metabolic activity, adipocytes  Reticular connective tissue – forms a storma (bed) to support free blood cells in the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow  Dense connective tissue  Dense regular – referred to as a fibrous connect tissue, forms tendons and ligaments  Dense irregular – thicker fibers than regular, found in the skin, forms fibrous join capsules and fibrous coverings of some organs o Cartilage – stands up to tension and compression  Hyaline – gristle, provides firm support, forms articular cartilage, supports tip of nose, connects ribs to sternum, supports respiratory system  Elastic – nearly identical to hyaline, more elastin fibers, forms ear and epiglottis  Fibrocartilage – hyaline cartilage meets a true ligament or tendon, provides strong support and the ability to withstand heavy pressure o Bone – aka osseous tissue. Supports and protects body structures, very vascular  Osteoblasts – build up bone  Osteoclasts – break down bone  Osteocytes – maintain structure/health o Blood – transport vehicle for the CV system, carries nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other substances  Negative and positive feedback o Neg – the output SHUTS OFF the original stimulus or reduces its intentions  Home heating thermostat, regulation of blood glucose levels o Pos – the output is ACCELERATED as the response stimulates the original stimulus  Oxytocin release during labor  Homeostasis – ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions regardless or changes in the external conditions  Membranes o Cutaneous – skin o Mucous – lines body cavities that open to the exterior o Serous – found in the closes ventral body cavities o Endothelium – inner covering, provides a slick, friction-reduction lining  Goblet cells - located in simple columnar epithelium  Cartilage – stands up to tension and compression. Lacks nerve fibers and is avascular.  Naming epithelial tissue o simple vs stratified (one vs two or more cell layers) o squamous – regular blob. cuboidal – square. columnar – column  tissue repair – inflammation, restoration of blood supply, regeneration  bone classification – axial and appendicular o long bones – longer than wide, shaft and 2 ends, all limb bones besides patella, wrist and ankle o short bones – cube shaped, bones of wrist and ankle o sesamoid bones – special short bones, for a tendon, patella o flat bones – think, flattened, usually a bit curved, sternum, scapulae, ribs and skull