Download Essentials of Sociology - Chapter 8 from Henslin - Lecture Notes | SOC 1004 and more Study notes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Terms to Know Deviance: any violation of norms; from walking backwards to murder. o Reactions to the act which make it deviant. o Shifts from culture to culture and tradition to tradition. Crime; the violation of rules that have been written into law. o Relativity of crime across societies. o Examples. Stigma: characteristics that discredit people. o Norms of ability versus norms of appearance o Involuntary membership. Necessity of Norms Predictability Avoid Chaos Social Order: a group’s customary social arrangements Social Control: formal and informal means of enforcing norms Negative and Positive Sanctions. Deviance Explained Sociologists: outside the individual. Psychologists & Sociobiologists: within the individual. Biological o Phrenology o Intelligence o XYY theory o Body Type o Latest research Why Deviance? Psychologists o Personality o No direct link to any 1 disorder. Sociologists o Socialization o Sub-cultural membership o Primary group interaction o Social class. Symbolic Interactions Persepctive Differential Association Theory, Edwin Sutherland: o Learned deviance o Definitions define our behavior o Everyone we know influences our behavior Control Theory and Deviance Rational Choice Ctonrol Theory, Ceasare Lombroscio. o All human beings seek pleasure and they are capable of rational thought. The punishment for a crime must outweigh the pleasure derived from committing the act. Reckless’ Control Theory o Inner controls versus Outer controls o Inner controls dictate our actions and outer controls influence, augment, or impair our inner controls. Hirschi’s Bond Ideas. o We arebBonded to peer groups, family members, and other important members that dissuade us from committing deviance. Labeling Theory How people react to and incorporate the labels we are given. o BED Labels Behavior Emotionally Disabled. o Yochelson & Samenow research. Techniques of neutralization, Sykes & Matza Utilization of techniques of deviance that deviators often use to neutralize they guilt they feel or the fact that they are being condemned in anyway. o Denial of Responsibility o Denial of injury o Denial of victim o Condemnation of Condemners o Appeal to higher loyalties. Embracing Labels: o Outlaw Biker Gangs. o Other Gangs/counter cultures. Embrace the condemnation and utilize it to their advantage. Power of Labels: o Chambliss Study. Utilizing labels to increase confidence in oneself. Mainstreaming of Deviance: Functionalist Persepctive
