Study Guide for College Biology II | BIO 102, Study notes of Biology

Download Study Guide for College Biology II | BIO 102 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 7 Muscular System Objectives: The student will learn the major structures and functions of the Muscular System. Intermediate Objectives: 1. Describe the general functions of the Muscular System. 2. Distinguish between three types of muscles. 3. Define and explain the relationship between the terms origin, insertion and synergists and antagonistic muscles. 4. Identify the six ways that skeletal get their names with examples of each. 5. Label muscles on both anterior and posterior diagrams of the human body and explain the actions of those muscles emphasized by the instructor. 6. Provide an overview of muscle contraction including the terms sacromere, myofibril, actin, myosin and their roles in this process. 7. Describe the neuromuscular junction including terms such as axon bulbs, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters and the function of calcium at this junction. 8. Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction and the role played by calcium, ATP, myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin during this process. 9. Describe and explain the terms twitch, tetanus, tone, and oxygen debt. 10. Describe the three ways muscle cells acquire ATP. 11. Describe the difference between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers and the type of athlete that benefits from each. Unit 7: Muscular System 1 Study Guide I. Muscle Tissue A. Muscle fibers & actin and myosin B. muscle contraction II. Types of Muscles A. Smooth muscles B. Cardiac muscles C. Skeletal muscles III.Functions of Muscles A. Movement of substances B. Support of the body C. Makes bones move D. Body temperature E. Protection IV. Skeletal Muscles A. fascia B. origin/insertion 1. origin 2. insertion C. Prime movers D. synergists E. antagonistic pairs F. skeletal muscles are named according to: 1. direction of fibers 2. location 3. size 4. shape 5. action 6. number of origins G. Specific Skeletal Muscles: Location & Function 1. Deltoid 2. biceps brachii 3. pectoralis major 4. orbicularis occuli 5. orbicularis oris 6. frontalis 7. zygomaticus 8. triangularis 9. triceps brachii 10. quadriceps 11. hamstrings 12. gluteus maximus Unit 7: Muscular System 2 Glossary acetylcholine a neurotransmitter that is active in both the peripheral and central nervous system; released by the axon bulbs of a motor neuron within the neuromuscular junction. actin one of the two major proteins of muscles; makes up the thin filaments in the myofibrils of muscle fibers antagonistic muscles whole muscles that work in pairs but have the opposite effect on a body part; the biceps flexes the lower arm while the triceps extends it. atrophy the decrease of muscle size due to a lack of exercise. biceps brachii muscle that allows the flexion of the forearm and supination of the hand; ntagonistic muscle of the triceps brachii. cardiac muscles the type of muscles that are only found in the heart; these muscles are striated, involuntary and contain intercalated discs that allow contractions to spread quickly and rhythmically. creatine phosphate a compound unique to muscles that contains a high energy phosphate bond which build up when the muscle is resting. deltoid muscles which cover the shoulder that are responsible for the abduction of the humerus; antagonistic muscle of the pectoralis major. extensor digitorum muscles located on the posterior portion of your forearm that extends your fingers. external obliques muscles which cover the lateral portion of your abdomen that allows you to rotate your trunk. flexor carpi group A group of muscles located on the anterior portion of your forearm that flexes your hand. frontalis the skeletal muscle that overlies the frontal bone associated with the eyebrow that elevates the eyebrow and wrinkles the forehead. Unit 7: Muscular System 5 gluteus maximus a muscle located on the buttock that allows extension and outward rotation of the femur (leg). hamstrings a group of three muscles on the posterior surface of your lower leg that allows your leg to flex. hypertrophy the increase in muscle size due to frequent exercise. insertion the end of a muscle that is attached to a movable bone masseter muscle attached to the mandible that allow you to close your mouth. muscle fibers the cells that make up muscle tissues. myofibril the contractile portion of muscle fibers myoglobin an oxygen carrier protein similar to hemoglobin that is synthesized by muscle cells that serves as an extra source of oxygen during aerobic respiration in muscles. This protein accounts for the reddish-brown color of skeletal muscles. myogram recording of a muscular contraction myosin one of the two major proteins of muscles; makes up the thick filaments in myofibrils and is capable of breaking down ATP. neuromuscular junction the point of contact between a nerve cell and a muscle fiber. neurotransmitter chemical, such as acetylcholine, stored at the end of neurons that is responsible for transmission of an impulse across a synapse. orbicularis occuli muscles associated with the eyelids that are responsible for the action of squinting, winking and blinking of your eyes. orbicularis oris Unit 7: Muscular System 6 muscle associated with the lips that closes the lips during the action of kissing or pouting. origin the ends of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable bone. oxygen debt oxygen that is needed to metabolize lactate, a compound that accumulates during vigorous exercise. pectoralis major muscle that covers the upper chest inserting on the sternum, clavicle and ribcartilage that is responsible for adducting the humerus; antagonistic muscle of the deltoid. prime movers the one skeletal muscle that does most of the work in moving a part of the body. quadriceps A group of four muscles located on the anterior surface of the femur that allow you to extend your leg. rectus abdominus Muscles that cover the anterior medial portion of the abdomen that allows you to flex your spine when bowing. sarcolemma the name given the plasma membrane of a muscle (cell) fiber sarcomere one of many contractile units arranged linearly within a myofibril where the sliding together of actin and mysosin results in a muscle contracting. sarcoplasmic reticulum the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber where calcium ions are stored. skeletal muscles the voluntary, striated, multinucleated type of muscles found attached to bones that contribute to the locomotion of the body. smooth muscle Involuntary muscles, which lack striations, that are found in the internal structures of the body such as organs of the digestive and circulatory systems. synergists different muscles that work together to affect a particular movement of a body part like the temporalis and the masseter muscles which both help raise the mandible. Unit 7: Muscular System 7