Deviance, Social Control, Anomie, Conflict Theory, Labeling Theory | SOC 1004, Study notes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Deviance, Social Control, Anomie, Conflict Theory, Labeling Theory | SOC 1004 and more Study notes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Concepts: Deviance – 1. Behavior that large number of people view as reprehensible and beyond limits of tolerance a. Violates norms and elicits sanctions; NORMATIVE perspective 2. Not an inherit in an act but results from application of rules to an offender; a. REACTIVIST perspective 3. Functions: norms are subjective; highlight the good, promotes cohesion, reveals problems in social order, promotes change 4. Dysfunctions: threat to goals and values, negative examples, undermines trust Social Control – methods and strategies that regulate behavior w/in society (w/out = no deviance); internalization of norms; structure of experience; formal and informal sanctions Anomie – social condition which norms are ineffective; poor fit b/w expectations and societies capacity to satisfy them; normative; Durkheim - Structural strain theory : using other means besides approved ones (education, high paying job) to reach goal (worldly success, wealth); conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion. Cultural Transmission theory – (tarole) criminals (like good people) imitate other ppl they’ve met, heard of, known - Differential association theory : interactionist; deviance learned through intimate groups (not TV, movies, media); social interaction plays in molding attitudes and behaviors Conflict theory – laws, norms reflect dominant; deviant is those that threaten powerful; infavor of powerful; Marxist tradition - Theory of class, state, &crime: legal system based on ruling capitalist class o Predatory crime – ordinary ppl, need to survive (robbing, drug deals) o Personal crime – ppl already brutalized by capitalism (rape, murder) o Crimes of resistance – sloppy work, sabotage against employers Labeling Theory – interactionist; how ppl are tagged deviant, think of self as, and enter careers - ppl w/out power more likely labeled deviant; more power = less likely - Primary deviance – deviance is not a part of identity, just happens; don’t know cause - Secondary deviance – deviance out of social process; credited to identity - Social reaction to deviance approach : o no act by self is inherently deviant or not o every engages by violating norm o depends on forced rules o labeled ppl have consequences o labeled deviant = rejection, isolation Control theory – ppl do not deviate b/c of bond to society - attachment – social relationships, conform and control, do what people want - involvement – keep out of deviant things - commitment – investment stronger than deviance (IMPORTANT) - belief – bond is cemented, values and ideas about morality Crime – act of deviance prohibited by law Criminal justice System – reactive agencies of state; police, courts, prisons, capital punishment, probation, home confinement Forms of crime – 1. Violent & property crime a. Index crimes – 8 types; 4 violent (murder, rape, robbery, assault) and 4 property (burglary, theft, motor vehicle, arson) 2. Juvenile 3. Organized 4. White-Collar & Corporate 5. Crime by gov’t 6. Victimless crime 7. Technology & crime (identity theft most dramatic) Social differentiation – society becomes increasingly specialized over time; rank is not created, different statuses Social Stratification – ranking/grading people; hierarchical layers, structured inequality of rewards, privileges, resources - Open system – relatively free movement of status (achieved) - Closed – movement difficult of status (ascribed) Karl Marx on Strata: - One dimension: WEALTH (sources: land capital, labor; ownership means of production) - One classification system: CLASS; bourgeoisie (owns controls production; will pay only bare min), proletariat (less power, wealth is labor; does not control conditions of existence) Max Weber on Strata: - 3 dimensions: wealth (share class position), power (share status), prestige (share party) - 3 classification system: class, status, party (European politics) - Dimensions correlate, not perfectly: can have money but no power, can have power w/out money American Society – less conscious of class and party and more conscious of status - False conscious, ignore structural causes of success & failure - Focus more on regional, racial, ethnic cleavages than big system of inequality of class Functional Theory of Strata – common sense, some tasks are essential for well-being of society (decision making); some tasks are: difficult to perform, to learn, require much preparation (may have to give thing up to complete tasks) - melting pot – people & culture produce new people & civilization - anglo-saxon – immigrants give up culture for dominant one - acculturation – elements of one change in direction of another group - integration (structural assim.) – ethnic group participates w/ another in institutions - amalgamation – final stage; impossible to distinguish ethnics w/in society Pluralism – diverse groups coexist & boundaries are maintained - equalitarian pluralism – identity maintained, but members participate in politics/economics - inequalitarian – participation of minorities is limited by dominant - genocide – extermination of racials/ethnics Stereotypes are beliefs we have of a certain type of person, prejudices are attitudes we have of a certain group Asian Americans are the model minorities Gender – sociocultural distinction b/w males and females Gender Identity – conceptions of self, male or female - Gender Roles – cultural expectations define ways each sex should behave - Gendered Roles – men and women treated different (criminal justice system) Sexism – gender inequality - Individual level – 1 sex is superior to other - Institutional level – policies, procedures, practices – unequal outcomes - Dimension: Patriarchy – men have disproportionate share of power; declining in west Gender differences: - Sexual behavior - Nurturance/affiliation – social & culture process dependent, women have more friends - Deviant behavior – 70-80% say adultery is wrong (men do it more), suicide up for men - Violence, aggression, competitiveness, risks – men more risky - Mental illness – women more mild disorder (depression), men more alcohol, drug abuse; overall no difference Gender discrimination: - Throughout all of world - Mostly women are raped; usually know the person - Family life; women spend time home w/ kids, cleans, labor force - Wage discrimination; regardless of occupation, men make more $; women don’t get paid for child bearing, lose job status and experience Functionalist perspective – fams are organized along instrumental-expressive lines; - Men = instrumental (jobs, making $$ - Women = expressive (supporting husband, housework, caring for little shits) - Men more powerful, women dependent on men Conflict perspective – social vehicle by men to ensure self privilege, prestige, and power in relationships with women - Inequality exists b/c benefits men Politics – how ppl acquire power and exercise it over others Power – ability to exercise will in spite of resistance; capacity to control/influence actions of others; a property of social relation - Mechanisms – rewards, punishments, information; DEPENDENCY (dependent on person w/ reward) - B has power b/c A is dependent – Power Dependent Relation - More desire for goal, more power B has - Find alt. route to goal, Bs power declines Authority – power is legitimated by institution Types of Legitimation Traditional – authority is power legitimated by age-old customs (medieval kings) Charismatic - legit by peoples beliefs in leader; not popularity ( JFK, Osama, rock stars); Weber said: “gift of grace”; mobilize followers to pursues leader’s goals Legal-Rational – (w/out, no modern state), explicit rules & procedures of organizations and institutions State – political institution that has monopoly on legit use of force; rests on force but relies on authority; - Social surplus- goods/services over and above necessary for survival (foundations for state) Perspectives on Power Functionalist - Enforcement of norms; once law created, states required to enforce - Planning and direction; polices made from various gov’ts - Management of internal conflict – discuss & negotiate b/w states otherwise “war against all” - Protection from external threats – army, military; protect freedom, rights Elitist - State controlled by small group of elites - Inevitable w/in modern societies - Eventually replace each other - Real rulers: corporation executives, military, high ranking politicians - Get their way whenever important public decisions are at stake - Power = pervasive Class conflict - Stat is administrative arm of capitalist class (Marxist) Pluralist - No 1 group runs gov’t - Important decisions made by different groups - Mobilize resources only when interests at stake Types of Gov’t (authoritative formulating of rules/policies that are binding & pervasive) Democracy – powers derived from consent of governed; most are usually representative. - Pop. Voice in decision, right to choose people for office - Broad, relatively equal citizenship - Citizenry protection from arbitrary state Totalitarian – “total state” - Control all part of society & aspects - Monolithic political party, compelling ideology, pervasive social control - North Korea Authoritarianism – tolerates little/no opposition to its rule - Permits nongov’t centers of influence & debate on some issues & policy - Cuba under Fidel Castro - Soviet Union and China after totalitarian Socialist economy – gov’t directly controls the economy; setting prices & wages; what will be produced Capitalist economy – gov’t oversees & sets parameters for economy, usually leaves economy alone; allows market to decide Oligopoly – market dominated by a few firms (general motors, IBM, general electric) Alienation – pervasive sense of powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation, and self-estrangement Public interest group = consumer protection organization