+0
Karma
Class: | BIOSC 316 - HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY |
Subject: | BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES |
University: | Clemson University |
Term: | Spring 2011 |
fluid balance
|
returns fluid from interstitial space to circulation; enters lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph |
chyle
|
Chyle (from the Greek word chylos, meaning juice) is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs). |
fat absorption
|
absorb fats & other fat-soluble substances from digestive system via lacteals |
lacteals
|
A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. |
defense
|
organs/tissues serve as “filters” removing microbes & foreign substances cells provide immunological defense against disease-causing agents |
lymphatic capillaries
|
Lymph capillaries or lymphatic capillaries are tiny thin-walled vessels that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, and in non-vascular tissues. |
lymph node
|
A lymph node is a small ball-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. |
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses:
|
are nonselect and act immediately; does not distinguish one threat from another; present at birth (1&2) |
first line of defense
|
skin and mucosadefenses at body surface external body membranes |
second line of defense
|
utilize antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes & other specialized cells that act to inhibit further invasion; includes inflammation; is signaled by chemicals released when 1st line of defense is penetrated |
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses:
|
represents body’s ability to mount an attack against specific foreign invaders (3) |
third line of defense
|
is body’s specific defenses function of lymphocyte activities |
internal defense
|
phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation |
humoral immunity
|
The Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). provided by antibodies in body fluids, produced by plasma cells |
cellular immunity
|
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. |
activation of innate immunity
|
distinguishes between “self”, the body’s own cells, and invading/ foreign organisms/molecules |
PAMPs
|
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. |
toll-like R
|
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. recognize specific class of invading organisms once activated, release cytokines |
phagocyte
|
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. |
neutrophils
|
most abundant phagocytic upon encounter with foreign intruder 1st to enter infected area, are mobile & quick to phagocytize |
mononuclear phagocyte system
|
The mononuclear phagocyte system is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. monocytes in blood and macrophage when in tissues |
organ-specific phagocytes of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs & brain
|
microglia in brain tissue kupffer cells in liver |
chemokines
|
create a “chemical trail” for phagocytes to follow |
chemotaxis
|
chemical trail phagocytes follow |
fever
|
an abnormally high body temperature. resetting the body’s “thermostat” in the hypothalamus. accomplished by the release of pyrogens from activated macrophages & leukocytes when exposed to foreign substances (referrred to as endogenous pyrogens) fever causes an increase in body’s metabolism, thus accelerating repair processes & impacts bacterial replication |
interferons
|
small proteins that protect body against viral infections short-acting produced by viral infected cells are not virus-specific, so provide protection from a variety of viruses considered a cytokine |
cytokine
|
chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities |
adaptive immunity
|
involves the ability to recognize, respond to and remember a particular substance requires a “meeting” or to be primed by an initial exposure to a specific antigen before it can protect the body -it is specific, it is systematic, it has a memory |
antigens
|
An antigen is a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. |
immunogenicity
|
ability to stimulate production of specific lymphocytes |
haptens
|
A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself. are not immunogenic but reactive & bind with other proteins, making them “foreign” |
immunocompetence
|
Immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. |
immunological tolerance
|
Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. |
Functions of B lymphocytes
|
exposure of B cells to appropriate Ag initiates growth, forming memory cells (impt in active immunity) and plasma cells (produce Ab’s specific to Ag) |
complement
|
represent group of plasma proteins, inactive in circulation upon activation, via either the classical or alternative pathway, final product is a MAC, that causes cell lysis in addition, other fragments created which serve to initiate chemotaxis, phagocytosis & histamine release |
Functions of T lymphocytes
|
T cells are a diverse lot and more complex than B cells in both classification & function T cells most efficient against microorganisms that live inside the cells of the body |
granzymes
|
Granzymes are serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. |
T lymphocyte activation
|
T cell R does not recognize free Ag thus Ag must be “presented” to a T cell via an APC, or Ag-presenting cell |
Histocompatibility Antigens
|
represent cellular “identity tags”, genetic markers of biological self |
inflammation
|
a localized event, involves aspects of innate & adaptive immunity neutrophils 1st to scene, release chemical signals to recruit other immune cells. as immune cells “gear up” for combat & then clean up, a variety of chemicals are released that lead to the characteristic signs of inflammation: redness & warmth (histamine-stimulated VD), swelling (edema) and pain is a protective response, designed to contain & eliminate harmful intruders |
active humoral immunity
|
involves B cells being exposed to Ag; immunological memory develops; long-term protection - getting infection, getting vaccine with dead infection |
passive humoral immunity
|
administration of Ab’s; does not convey memory, no B cell challenged; short-lived protection -antibodies pass from mother, injection of immune serum |
immunological memory
|
represented by memory cells & responsible for what occurs during next exposure to a particular Ag secondary immune response rapid, prolonged & more efficient response |
Front |
Back |
|
---|---|---|
fluid balance | returns fluid from interstitial space to circulation; enters lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph | |
chyle | Chyle (from the Greek word chylos, meaning juice) is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs). | |
fat absorption | absorb fats & other fat-soluble substances from digestive system via lacteals | |
lacteals | A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. | |
defense | organs/tissues serve as “filters” removing microbes & foreign substances cells provide immunological defense against disease-causing agents | |
lymphatic capillaries | Lymph capillaries or lymphatic capillaries are tiny thin-walled vessels that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, and in non-vascular tissues. | |
lymph node | A lymph node is a small ball-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. | |
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses: | are nonselect and act immediately; does not distinguish one threat from another; present at birth (1&2) | |
first line of defense | skin and mucosadefenses at body surface external body membranes | |
second line of defense | utilize antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes & other specialized cells that act to inhibit further invasion; includes inflammation; is signaled by chemicals released when 1st line of defense is penetrated | |
Adaptive (Specific) Defenses: | represents body’s ability to mount an attack against specific foreign invaders (3) | |
third line of defense | is body’s specific defenses function of lymphocyte activities | |
internal defense | phagocytes, fever, NK cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation | |
humoral immunity | The Humoral Immune Response (HIR) is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, which involves T lymphocytes) produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte lineage (B cell). provided by antibodies in body fluids, produced by plasma cells | |
cellular immunity | Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. | |
activation of innate immunity | distinguishes between “self”, the body’s own cells, and invading/ foreign organisms/molecules | |
PAMPs | Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. | |
toll-like R | Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. recognize specific class of invading organisms once activated, release cytokines | |
phagocyte | Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. | |
neutrophils | most abundant phagocytic upon encounter with foreign intruder 1st to enter infected area, are mobile & quick to phagocytize | |
mononuclear phagocyte system | The mononuclear phagocyte system is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. monocytes in blood and macrophage when in tissues | |
organ-specific phagocytes of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs & brain | microglia in brain tissue kupffer cells in liver | |
chemokines | create a “chemical trail” for phagocytes to follow | |
chemotaxis | chemical trail phagocytes follow | |
fever | an abnormally high body temperature. resetting the body’s “thermostat” in the hypothalamus. accomplished by the release of pyrogens from activated macrophages & leukocytes when exposed to foreign substances (referrred to as endogenous pyrogens) fever causes an increase in body’s metabolism, thus accelerating repair processes & impacts bacterial replication | |
interferons | small proteins that protect body against viral infections short-acting produced by viral infected cells are not virus-specific, so provide protection from a variety of viruses considered a cytokine | |
cytokine | chemical messengers released by tissue cells to coordinate local activities | |
adaptive immunity | involves the ability to recognize, respond to and remember a particular substance requires a “meeting” or to be primed by an initial exposure to a specific antigen before it can protect the body -it is specific, it is systematic, it has a memory | |
antigens | An antigen is a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and potentially harmful invader. | |
immunogenicity | ability to stimulate production of specific lymphocytes | |
haptens | A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself. are not immunogenic but reactive & bind with other proteins, making them “foreign” | |
immunocompetence | Immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. | |
immunological tolerance | Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. | |
Functions of B lymphocytes | exposure of B cells to appropriate Ag initiates growth, forming memory cells (impt in active immunity) and plasma cells (produce Ab’s specific to Ag) | |
complement | represent group of plasma proteins, inactive in circulation upon activation, via either the classical or alternative pathway, final product is a MAC, that causes cell lysis in addition, other fragments created which serve to initiate chemotaxis, phagocytosis & histamine release | |
Functions of T lymphocytes | T cells are a diverse lot and more complex than B cells in both classification & function T cells most efficient against microorganisms that live inside the cells of the body | |
granzymes | Granzymes are serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. | |
T lymphocyte activation | T cell R does not recognize free Ag thus Ag must be “presented” to a T cell via an APC, or Ag-presenting cell | |
Histocompatibility Antigens | represent cellular “identity tags”, genetic markers of biological self | |
inflammation | a localized event, involves aspects of innate & adaptive immunity neutrophils 1st to scene, release chemical signals to recruit other immune cells. as immune cells “gear up” for combat & then clean up, a variety of chemicals are released that lead to the characteristic signs of inflammation: redness & warmth (histamine-stimulated VD), swelling (edema) and pain is a protective response, designed to contain & eliminate harmful intruders | |
active humoral immunity | involves B cells being exposed to Ag; immunological memory develops; long-term protection - getting infection, getting vaccine with dead infection | |
passive humoral immunity | administration of Ab’s; does not convey memory, no B cell challenged; short-lived protection -antibodies pass from mother, injection of immune serum | |
immunological memory | represented by memory cells & responsible for what occurs during next exposure to a particular Ag secondary immune response rapid, prolonged & more efficient response |
© Copyright 2021 , Koofers, Inc. All rights reserved.
The information provided on this site is protected by U.S. and International copyright law, and other applicable intellectual property laws, including laws covering data access and data compilations. This information is provided exclusively for the personal and academic use of students, instructors and other university personnel. Use of this information for any commercial purpose, or by any commercial entity, is expressly prohibited. This information may not, under any circumstances, be copied, modified, reused, or incorporated into any derivative works or compilations, without the prior written approval of Koofers, Inc.